Difference between revisions of "Straight-4"

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The following '''automobile manufacturers''' produce or have produced [[automobile]]s. Note that these are automobile makers rather than individual types. Some of these have never been independent companies but are sub-brands established by a parent company.
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__NOEDITSECTION__
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[[Image:Auto manufacturer table.PNG|thumb|350px|Top 14 automobile manufacturing groups (2004)]]
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The '''straight-4''' or '''inline-4''' is an [[internal combustion engine]] with four [[cylinder (engine)|cylinders]] aligned in one row. Nicknamed a '''four-banger''', this [[straight engine]] configuration is the most common in [[automobile|car]]s with a [[engine displacement|displacement]] up to 2.3 [[litre|Litres]]. The current "practical" limit to the displacement of Straight-4 engines in a car is around 2.7 litres. However, in tractors and other construction machinery, four-cylinder diesel engines with a displacement of 4.5 litres and above can still be found.
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== 2005 cars ==
 
  
 +
The straight-4 engine is not a [[engine balance|balanced]] configuration.  While a pair of pistons is always moving up at the same time as the other pair is moving down, piston speed - as with all internal combustion engines - is higher through the top 180 degrees of the stroke than the bottom 180 degrees, which leads to a secondary harmonic imbalance.  While this is tolerable in a small low-displacement low-power configuration, the vibrations get worse with increasing size and power.  Most straight-4 engines below 2.0 L in displacement rely on the damping effect of their engine mounts. Today, most engineers will make use of [[balance shaft]]s above that limit. A 4-cylinder engine needs two balance shafts, rotating at twice the crankshaft frequency, to be smooth. Nevertheless, there were several samples of larger straight-4s in production using no balance shafts, such as the [[Citroën DS|Citroën DS 23]] 2347 cc engine that was a derivative of the [[Citroën Traction Avant|Traction Avant]] engine, and the [[1948]] [[Austin Motor Company|Austin]] 2660 cc engine used in the [[Austin-Healey 100]] and [[Austin Atlantic]]. These engines were generally the result of a long incremental evolution process and their power was kept relatively low regarding their capacity.
  
 +
== Automobile use==
 +
=== Notable straight-4 engines ===
  
−
=Automotive company groups=
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[[list of automotive superlatives|The smallest]] automobile production straight-4 engine powered the [[1961]] [[Mazda Carol|Mazda P360 Carol]] [[keicar]].  Displacing just 358 cc, the ''[[Mazda OHV engine#358|Mazda OHV]]'' was a conventional but tiny [[pushrod]] engine.  Straight-4 motorcyle engines are built down to 250 cc, e.g. in the [[Honda_CBR250|Honda CBR 250]].  Most straight-4 engines, however, have been over 0.7 L in displacement.  A practical upper limit could be placed in the 2.5 L range for production cars. Larger engines (up to 4.5 L) have been seen in racing and light [[truck]] use, especially using [[diesel]] fuel (an example is the Mercedes-Benz MBE 904).  The use of balance shafts allowed [[Porsche]] to use a 3.0 L (2990 cc) straight-4 engine on road cars like the [[Porsche 968]], but the largest modern non-diesel was the plain 3.2 L (3188 cc) ''[[Pontiac V8 engine#195|195]]'' in the 1961 [[Pontiac Tempest]].
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Many of the brands mentioned below no longer exist as separate companies.  Some are totally extinct, and some are owned by larger companies:
 
  
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*[[ARO]]
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In the early 20th century, bigger engines existed, both in road cars and sports cars. Due to the absence of displacement limit regulations, manufacturers took increasing liberties with engine size. In order to achieve power over 100&nbsp;hp, most engine builders simply increased displacement, which could sometimes achieve over 10.0&nbsp;L. One of the biggest straight-4s of its time was [[De Dietrich]] 17,000&nbsp;cc motor. Its cubic capacity is over twice the size of the Cadillac's 500 in<sup>3</sup> 8.2&nbsp;L [[V8]], which was considered the largest engine of its type in the 1970s. These engines ran at very low rpm, often less than 1,500 rpm maximum, and had a specific output of about 10&nbsp;hp/L. The US tractor industry both farm & industrial relied on large 4 cylinder power units until the early 1960s when 6 cylinder designs came into favor. IH built a large 5.7L (350 c.i.) 4 cylinder for their WD-9 series tractors.
  
−
*[[AutoVAZ]]
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Other notable engines using this configuration include:
−
**[[Lada]]
+
* [[Ford Model T engine]] - One of the most-widely produced engines in the world
 +
* [[BMC A-Series engine|Austin A-Series engine]] - This engine powered many of the compact vehicles of the [[1950s]]
 +
* [[Honda E engine#ED|Honda ED engine]] - First use of Honda's [[CVCC]] technology
 +
* [[Triumph Slant-4 engine]] - The first mass-produced [[multivalve]] engine for [[Triumph Motor Company|Triumph]] and an early [[turbo]] engine for [[Saab Automobile|Saab]]
 +
* [[GM Quad-4 engine]] - The first postwar [[multivalve]] American engine
 +
* [[Hyundai Alpha engine]] - The first automobile engine designed in Korea
 +
* [[Honda B engine]] - The B16A is the first mass produced engine to reach 100hp per Liter
 +
* [[Honda F20C engine]] - Its 240&nbsp;hp from 2.0&nbsp;L was the highest specific output of its time
 +
* [[Mitsubishi Sirius engine]] - Includes the 4G63, which has the highest specific output of a production engine in the world with the Lancer Evolution FQ-400 available in the United Kingdom (202.9 hp per liter)
 +
* [[Toyota R engine]] - Considered to be one of the most reliable engine series ever manufactured
  
−
*[[BAIC]](&#21271;&#20140;&#27773;&#36710;&#25511;&#32929;&#24635;&#20844;&#21496;)
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=== Racing use ===
  
−
*[[BMW]]
+
[[1913]] saw a [[Peugeot]] driven by [[Jules Goux]] winning the [[Indianapolis 500]]. This car was powered by a straight-4 engine designed by [[Ernest Henry]]. This design was very influential for racing engines as it featured for the first time dual overhead camshafts ([[DOHC]]) and 4 [[poppet valve|valve]]s per cylinder, a layout that would become the standard until today for racing straight-4 engines.
−
**[[Mini]]
 
−
**[[Riley (automobile)|Riley]] (no longer sold)
 
−
**[[Rolls-Royce]]
 
−
**[[Triumph Motor Company|Triumph]] (no longer sold)
 
  
−
*[[Brilliance China Auto]](&#21326;&#26216;&#38598;&#22242;)
+
This Peugeot was sold to the American driver [[Bob Burman|"Wild Bob" Burman]] who broke the engine in [[1915]]. As Peugeot couldn't deliver a new engine during [[World War I]], Burman asked [[Harry Arminius Miller]] to build a new engine. With John Edward and [[Fred Offenhauser]], Miller created a Peugeot-inspired straight-4 engine. This was the first version of the engine that would dominate the Indianapolis 500 until [[1976]] under the brand Miller and later [[Offenhauser]].
−
**[[Jinbei]](&#37329;&#26479;)
 
−
**[[Zhonghua (car)|Zhonghua]]
 
  
−
*[[Bristol Cars]]
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Another engine that played an important role in Racing history is the Straight-4 [[Ferrari]] engine designed by [[Aurelio Lampredi]]. This engine was originally designed as a 2 litre [[Formula 2]] engine for the Ferrari 500 but evolved to 2.5 L to compete in [[Formula 1]] in the Ferrari 625. For [[sports car]] racing capacity was increased up to 3.4 L for the Ferrari 860 Monza.
  
−
*[[Bufori]]
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Yet another very successful engine was the Coventry Climax straight-4 originally designed by [[Walter Hassan]] as a 1.5&nbsp;L Formula 2 engine. It evolved into the large 2,495 cc FPF that won the Formula One championship in [[Cooper Car Company|Cooper]]'s chassis.
  
−
*[[Changhe]](&#26124;&#27827;)
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==Motorcycle use==
  
−
*[[DaimlerChrysler]]
+
[[list of automotive superlatives|The smallest]] production motorcycle straight-4 engine was the 4-stroke engine powered the 250 cc Benelli/Moto Guzzi 254. For racing, Honda built straight-4 engines as small as a 125 cc for the Honda 125/4. This engine was replaced by a 125 cc [[straight-5]] engine.  Perhaps the largest straight-4 in a commercially-produced Honda motorcycle is the 1298cc engine first developed for the [[Honda X-4]] and later also used in the [[Honda CB1300]].
−
**Chrysler Group
 
−
***[[Chrysler]]
 
−
***[[Eagle automobile|Eagle]] (Discontinued in 1998)
 
−
***[[Dodge]]
 
−
***[[Jeep]]
 
−
***[[Plymouth automobile|Plymouth]] (Discontinued in 2001)
 
−
**Mercedes Car Group
 
−
***[[Global Electric Microcars]] (GEM)
 
−
***[[Maybach]]
 
−
***[[Mercedes-Benz]]
 
−
***[[Smart_(automobile)|Smart]]
 
−
**Commercial Vehicle Brands
 
−
*** [[Freightliner (truck)|Freightliner]]
 
−
*** [[Mercedes-Benz]]
 
−
*** [[Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation|Mitsubishi Fuso]]
 
−
***[[Mitsubishi Motors Corporation]] (interest)
 
−
*** [[Setra]]
 
−
*** [[Sterling Trucks]]
 
−
*** [[Western Star]]
 
  
  
  
−
*[[De Tomaso]]
+
{{Piston engine configurations}}
  
−
*[[DongFeng]](&#19996;&#39118;)
+
[[Category:Piston engine configurations|Straight-04]]
−
 
 
−
*[[FAW Automobile|FAW]](&#20013;&#22269;&#19968;&#27773;)
 
−
**[[Red Banner]] or HongQi(&#32418;&#26071;)
 
−
**[[Huali]](&#21326;&#21033;)
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Fiat]]
 
−
**[[Alfa Romeo]]
 
−
**[[Ferrari]]
 
−
**[[Iveco]]
 
−
**[[Lancia]]
 
−
***[[Autobianchi]] (Discontinued)
 
−
**[[Maserati]]
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]
 
−
**[[Aston Martin]]
 
−
***[[Lagonda]] (no longer sold)
 
−
***[[Tickford]] (now the performance arm of Aston Martin)
 
−
**[[Continental]] (no longer separate make, see Lincoln)
 
−
**[[Jaguar (car)|Jaguar]]
 
−
***[[Daimler]]
 
−
**[[Land Rover]]
 
−
***[[Land_Rover_Range_Rover|Range Rover]]
 
−
**[[Lincoln (automobile)|Continental]]
 
−
**[[Lincoln (automobile)|Lincoln]]
 
−
**[[Mahindra]]
 
−
**[[Mazda]] (controlling interest)
 
−
**[[Mercury (automobile)|Mercury]]
 
−
**[[Volvo Cars|Volvo]]
 
−
 
 
−
*[[General Motors]]
 
−
**[[AM General]] (not sold to private individuals; similar vehicles are sold to ordinary consumers as HUMMERs)
 
−
**[[Buick]]
 
−
**[[Cadillac (automobile)|Cadillac]]
 
−
**[[Chevrolet]]
 
−
***[[Geo]]
 
−
**[[Fiat]] (interest divested February 2005)
 
−
**[[GM Daewoo|Daewoo]] (sold as  [[Chevrolet]], [[Holden]] or [[Suzuki]] outside South Korea)
 
−
***[[ZAZ]]
 
−
**[[FSO]]
 
−
****[[Polonez]]
 
−
****[[FSO Matiz]]
 
−
****[[FSO Lanos]]
 
−
**[[GMC Truck|GMC]]
 
−
**[[Hindustan Motors|Hindustan]]
 
−
**[[Holden]] (Australia)
 
−
**[[Hummer]]
 
−
**[[Isuzu]] (interest)
 
−
**[[Oakland automobile|Oakland]]
 
−
**[[Oldsmobile]] (Discontinued in 2004)
 
−
**[[Opel]] (Europe excluding UK, also India and Africa)
 
−
**[[Pontiac]]
 
−
**[[Saturn automobile|Saturn]]
 
−
**[[Saab Automobile|Saab]]
 
−
**[[Subaru]] (interest until 2005)
 
−
**[[Suzuki]] (interest)
 
−
***[[Maruti]]
 
−
**[[Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]] (UK)
 
−
**[[Wuling]] (China)
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Geely]](&#21513;&#21033;&#20844;&#21496;)
 
−
**[[Huapu]](&#21326;&#26222;)
 
−
**[[Haoqing]](&#35946;&#24773;)
 
−
 
 
−
*[[GreatWall Motors]](&#38271;&#22478;&#38598;&#22242;)
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Honda]]
 
−
**[[Acura]] (USA)
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Hyundai Motor Group|Hyundai Group]]
 
−
**[[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]]
 
−
**[[Kia Motors|Kia]]
 
−
***[[Asia Motors, Ltd]]
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Inokom]] (manufactures automobile based on [[Hyundai]] models)
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Isdera]]
 
−
 
 
−
*[[MG Rover]]
 
−
**[[MG (car)|MG]]
 
−
**[[Rover (car)|Rover]]
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Morgan Motor Company|Morgan]]
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Mosler]]
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Naza]] (manufactures automobile based on [[Kia]] models)
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Nissan]] (44% shareholding by Renault and involved in joint venture companies [http://www.renault.com/default.html?/gb/groupe/alliances_p1.htm])
 
−
**[[Infiniti]]
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Noble Cars|Noble]]
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Renault]] (15% shareholding by Nissan and involved in joint venture companies [http://www.renault.com/default.html?/gb/groupe/alliances_p1.htm])
 
−
**[[Alpine (car)|Alpine]] (no longer sold)
 
−
**[[Dacia (car)|Dacia]]
 
−
**[[Renault Samsung Motors|Renault Samsung]]
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Panoz]]
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Pagani]]
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Perodua]] (Shareholders including [[Daihatsu]])
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Porsche]]
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Proton (car)|Proton]]
 
−
**[[Lotus Cars|Lotus]]
 
−
 
 
−
*[[PSA Peugeot Citroën]]
 
−
**[[Citroën]]
 
−
**[[Peugeot]]
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Saleen]]
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Shanghai Automotive]]
 
−
**[[Chery]] (&#22855;&#29790;)
 
−
**[[SsangYong Motor Company|Ssangyong]]
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Tata Motors]]
 
−
 
 
−
*[[TD2000]] (Malaysian classic car manufacturer)
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Toyota]]
 
−
**[[Daihatsu]]
 
−
**[[Lexus]]
 
−
**[[Scion (car)|Scion]]
 
−
**[[Subaru]] (interest)
 
−
 
 
−
*[[TVR]]
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Volkswagen Group]]
 
−
**[[Audi]]
 
−
**[[Bentley]]
 
−
**[[Bugatti]]
 
−
**[[Lamborghini]]
 
−
**[[SEAT]]
 
−
**[[Skoda Auto|Skoda]]
 
−
**[[Volkswagen]]
 
−
 
 
−
=Companies by Country=
 
−
 
 
−
==[[Argentina]]==
 
−
*[[Andino]]
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
==[[Australia]]==
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Alpha Sports]]
 
−
*[[NASENBAER Sports]]
 
−
*[[Amuza]]
 
−
*[[Australian Kitcar]]
 
−
*[[Bavariacars]]
 
−
*[[Birchfield (car)| Birchfield]]
 
−
*[[Bomac]]
 
−
*[[Bullet (car)|Bullet]]
 
−
*[[Carbontech]]
 
−
*[[Classic Glass]]
 
−
*[[Classic Revival]]
 
−
*[[Cobra Craft]]
 
−
*[[Daktari]]
 
−
*[[Daytona (car)]]
 
−
*[[Deuce Customs]]
 
−
*[[Devaux]]
 
−
*[[DRB Sports Cars]]
 
−
*[[Evans (car)|Evans]]
 
−
*[[Finch (car)|Finch]]
 
−
*[[FPV]]
 
−
*[[G-Force (car)|G-Force]]
 
−
*[[Hartnett]]
 
−
*[[Holden]]
 
−
*[[Homebush (car)|Homebush]]
 
−
*[[HSV (car)|HSV]]
 
−
*[[Kraftwerkz]]
 
−
*[[Lightburn]]
 
−
*[[Nota]]
 
−
*[[Piper (car)| Piper]]
 
−
*[[PRB (car)|PRB]]
 
−
*[[Python (automobile maker)|Python]]
 
−
*[[RCM (car)|RCM]]
 
−
*[[RMC (car)|RMC]]
 
−
*[[Roaring Forties (car)|Roaring Forties]]
 
−
*[[Robnell]]
 
−
*[[Sharpbuilt]]
 
−
*[[West Coast Motors]]
 
−
*[[White Pointer (car)|White Pointer]]
 
−
 
 
−
==[[Austria]]==
 
−
*[[Achleitner]]
 
−
*[[Austro-Daimler]]
 
−
*[[Grofri]]
 
−
*[[Magna Steyr]]
 
−
*[[ÖAF]]
 
−
*[[Puch]]
 
−
*[[Steyr (company)|Steyr]]
 
−
*[[Steyr-Daimler-Puch]]
 
−
*[[Tomaszo]]
 
−
 
 
−
==[[Belarus]]==
 
−
*[[Belarus_%28tractor%29|Tractor Belarus]]
 
−
*[[BelAZ]]
 
−
*[[MAZ]]
 
−
 
 
−
==[[Belgium]]==
 
−
 
 
−
*[[ABC (B)]]
 
−
*[[Apal]] (before 1995, now Germany)
 
−
*[[Edran]]
 
−
*[[FN automobile|FN]]
 
−
*[[Germain automobile|Germain]]
 
−
*[[Gillet]]
 
−
*[[L&B]]
 
−
*[[Métallurgique]]
 
−
*[[Miesse]]
 
−
*[[Minerva automobile|Minerva]]
 
−
*[[Nagant]]
 
−
*[[Springuel]] (1907-1914)
 
−
*[[Vivinus]]
 
−
 
 
−
==[[Brazil]]==
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Bugre]]
 
−
*[[Chamonix (car)|Chamonix]]
 
−
*[[Dardo]]
 
−
*[[FNM]]
 
−
*[[Gurgel]]
 
−
*[[Hofstetter]]
 
−
*[[JPX]]
 
−
*[[Puma (car)|Puma]]
 
−
*[[Sta. Matilde]]
 
−
*[[Troller]]
 
−
 
 
−
==[[Bulgaria]]==
 
−
*[[Bulgar Renault]]
 
−
*[[Chavdar]]
 
−
 
 
−
==[[Canada]]==
 
−
 
 
−
===A-E===
 
−
*[[Acadian (automobile)|Acadian]]
 
−
*[[Allard Canada]]
 
−
*[[Bricklin automobile|Bricklin]]
 
−
*[[Brock Motors]]
 
−
*[[Chatham Motors Company]]
 
−
*[[Colonial Motors]]
 
−
*[[Chalmers Motor Car of Canada]]
 
−
*[[Chrysler Canada Ltd.]]
 
−
*[[Desoto (Canada)|Desoto]]
 
−
*[[Dodge Brothers of Canada]]
 
−
*[[Dominion Motors Ltd.]]
 
−
*[[Durant Motors]]
 
−
*[[Everett-Metzger-Flanders Canada Ltd.|E-M-F]]
 
−
 
 
−
===F-I===
 
−
*[[Ford Motor Company of Canada Ltd.]]
 
−
*[[Fargo (truck)|Fargo]]
 
−
*[[Fisher Motor Company. Ltd.]]
 
−
*[[Frontenac (automobile)|Frontenac]]
 
−
*[[Galt Motor Company of Canada]]
 
−
*[[General Motors of Canada Ltd.]]
 
−
*[[Graham-Paige Motors Ltd.]]
 
−
*[[Gray-Dort Motors Ltd.]]
 
−
*[[Hudson Motors Car Company of Canada, Ltd.]]
 
−
*[[Hupmobile of Canada]]
 
−
*[[International Harvester]]
 
−
 
 
−
===L-R===
 
−
*[[Leroy (automobile)|Leroy]]
 
−
*[[Maple Leaf (truck)|Maple Leaf]]
 
−
*[[Maxwell Motor Company of Canada Ltd.]]
 
−
*[[McLaughlin Automobile|McLaughlin]]
 
−
*[[McLaughlin Buick]]
 
−
*[[Mercury (Canada)]]
 
−
*[[Meteor (automobile)|Meteor]]
 
−
*[[Monarch (automobile)|Monarch]]
 
−
*[[National Cycle and Motors of Canada]]
 
−
*[[Pontiac Pursuit]]
 
−
*[[Russell (automobile)]]
 
−
 
 
−
===S-Z===
 
−
*[[Studebaker Canada Ltd.]]
 
−
*[[Two-in-One]]
 
−
*[[Tudpole]]
 
−
*[[Renault]]
 
−
*[[Timmis-Ford]]
 
−
*[[Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]
 
−
 
 
−
==[[China]]==
 
−
*[[BYD Auto]]
 
−
*[[Brilliance China Auto]] (also [[Jinbei (car)|Jinbei]](&#37329;&#26479;)/[[Zhonghua (car)|Zhonghua]]
 
−
*[[Changan Ford]]
 
−
*[[Changhe Automobile|Changhe]](&#26124;&#27827;)
 
−
*[[Chery Automobile|Chery]]&#65288;&#22855;&#29790;&#65289;
 
−
*[[China Motor Corporation]] ([[Taiwan]])
 
−
*[[Dongfeng Motors|Dongfeng]]
 
−
*[[First Automotive Works]] (FAW)/[[Red Banner|Hongqi]] (&#32418;&#26071;)/[[Huali]](&#21326;&#21033;)
 
−
*[[Formosa (car)|Formosa]] ([[Taiwan]])
 
−
*[[Geely Automobile|Geely]] (also [[Huapu]](&#21326;&#26222;)/[[Haoqing]](&#35946;&#24773;)
 
−
*[[Great Wall Auto|Great Wall]](&#38271;&#22478;)
 
−
*[[Guangzhou Automotive]]
 
−
*[[Guizhou Auto]]/[[Yunque]](&#20113;&#38592;)
 
−
*[[Hafei Motor]]
 
−
*[[Jiangling Motor|Jiangling]] (also [[Landwind]])
 
−
*[[Shanghai Automotive]] (also [[GM Shanghai]]/[[Wuling]])
 
−
*[[Soueast Motors]]
 
−
*[[Yulon|Yulon/Yueloong]] ([[Taiwan]])
 
−
 
 
−
==[[Czech Republic]]==
 
−
*[[Aero (car)|Aero]]
 
−
*[[AVIA (car)|AVIA]]
 
−
*[[Jawa Motors]]
 
−
*[[Laurin & Klement]]
 
−
*[[MTX (automobile)|MTX]]
 
−
*[[Praga (automobile)|Praga]]
 
−
*[[Skoda Auto|&#352;koda]]
 
−
*[[Tatra automobile|Tatra]]
 
−
*[[Walter (automobile)|Walter]]
 
−
 
 
−
==[[Denmark]]==
 
−
*[[Kewet]]
 
−
 
 
−
==[[Estonia]]==
 
−
*[[ESTfield]]
 
−
 
 
−
==[[Finland]]==
 
−
*[[Elcat]]
 
−
*[[RaceAbout]]
 
−
*[[SISU]]
 
−
*[[Valmet]]
 
−
 
 
−
==[[France]]==
 
−
===A-H===
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Aixam|Aixam-Mega]]
 
−
*[[Alcyon]]
 
−
*[[Alda (automobile)|Alda]]
 
−
*[[Alma (French car)|Alma]]
 
−
*[[Amilcar]]
 
−
*[[Alpine (car)|Alpine]]/[[Alpine-Renault]]
 
−
*[[Ardex]]
 
−
*[[Automobiles René Bonnet|Bonnet]]
 
−
*[[Ballot (automobile)|Ballot]]
 
−
*[[Bédélia]]
 
−
*[[Berliet]]
 
−
*[[Bignan]]
 
−
*[[Brasier]]
 
−
*[[Bucciali]]
 
−
*[[Bugatti]]
 
−
*[[Chaigneau-Brasier]]
 
−
*[[Charles Deutsch|CD]]
 
−
*[[Chappe et Gessalin|CG]]
 
−
*[[Chenard-Walcker]]
 
−
*[[Citroën]]
 
−
*[[Clément-Bayard]]
 
−
*[[Dangel]]
 
−
*[[Darracq]]
 
−
*[[DB (car)|DB]]
 
−
*[[De Dion-Bouton]]
 
−
*[[Delage]]
 
−
*[[Delahaye]]
 
−
*[[Delaunay-Belleville]]
 
−
*[[Facel Vega]]
 
−
*[[Ford (France)]]
 
−
*[[Georges Irat]]
 
−
*[[Georges Richard]]
 
−
*[[Gordini]]
 
−
*[[Hispano-Suiza]]
 
−
*[[Hommell]]
 
−
*[[Hotchkiss et Cie|Hotchkiss]]
 
−
 
 
−
===J-V===
 
−
*[[Jidé]]
 
−
*[[Ligier]]
 
−
*[[Lorraine-Dietrich]]
 
−
*[[Major (automobile)|Major]]
 
−
*[[Marcadier]]
 
−
*[[Mathis]]
 
−
*[[Matford]]
 
−
*[[Matra]]
 
−
*[[Monica (car)|Monica]]
 
−
*[[Mors (automobile)|Mors]]
 
−
*[[Aixam|Mega]]
 
−
*[[Motobloc]]
 
−
*[[Panhard]]
 
−
*[[Peugeot]]
 
−
*[[Renault]]
 
−
*[[Richard-Brasier]]
 
−
*[[Rolland-Pilain]]
 
−
*[[Rosengart]]
 
−
*[[Salmson]]
 
−
*[[Scora]]
 
−
*[[Simca]]
 
−
*[[Sizaire-Naudin]]
 
−
*[[Stimula]]
 
−
*[[Talbot]]
 
−
*[[Talbot-Lago]]
 
−
*[[Tracta]]
 
−
*[[Unic]]
 
−
*[[VELAM]]
 
−
*[[Venturi (car)|Venturi]]
 
−
*[[Voisin]]
 
−
 
 
−
==[[Germany]]==
 
−
===A-G===
 
−
*[[Adler]]
 
−
*[[AFM]]
 
−
*[[AGA]]
 
−
*[[Alpina]]
 
−
*[[Amphicar]]
 
−
*[[Apal]] (formerly Belgium)
 
−
*[[Apollo]]
 
−
*[[Arimofa]]
 
−
*[[Audi]]
 
−
*[[Auto Union]]
 
−
*[[AWS]]
 
−
*[[Benz]]
 
−
*[[Bitter Cars]]
 
−
*[[Borgward]]
 
−
*[[BMW]]
 
−
*[[Bugatti]] (later in France)
 
−
*[[Daimler]]
 
−
*[[Deutz AG|Deutz]]
 
−
*[[DKW]]
 
−
*[[EMW]]
 
−
*[[Fendt]]
 
−
*[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]
 
−
*[[Glas]]
 
−
*[[Goggomobil]]
 
−
*[[Gumpert]]
 
−
*[[Gutbrod]]
 
−
 
 
−
===H-R===
 
−
*[[Heinkel]]
 
−
*[[Horch]]
 
−
*[[Isdera]]
 
−
*[[Karmann Ghia]]
 
−
*[[Käsbohrer-Setra]]
 
−
*[[Kleinschnittger]]
 
−
*[[Lloyd (car)|Lloyd]]
 
−
*[[MAN AG|MAN]]
 
−
*[[Magirus]]
 
−
*[[Maybach]]
 
−
*[[Melkus]]
 
−
*[[Mercedes-Benz]]
 
−
*[[Merkur]]
 
−
*[[Messerschmitt]]
 
−
*[[Neckar (car)|Neckar]]
 
−
*[[Neoplan]]
 
−
*[[NSU Motorenwerke AG|NSU]]
 
−
*[[Opel]]
 
−
*[[Pluto (car)|Pluto]]
 
−
*[[Porsche]]
 
−
*[[Robur]]
 
−
*[[Ruf]]
 
−
 
 
−
===S-W===
 
−
*[[Smart (automobile)|Smart]]
 
−
*[[Standard Superior]]
 
−
*[[Stoewer]]
 
−
*[[Titan (company)|Titan]]
 
−
*[[Trabant]]
 
−
*[[Volkswagen]] (VW)
 
−
*[[Wartburg]]
 
−
*[[Wanderer (car)|Wanderer]]
 
−
*[[Wiesmann]]
 
−
 
 
−
==[[Hungary]]==
 
−
*[[Balaton(car)|Balaton]]
 
−
*[[Helix_cars |Helix]]
 
−
*[[Méray]]
 
−
*[[Puli(car)|Puli]]
 
−
*[[Rába(car)|Rába]]
 
−
*[[Unitas]]
 
−
 
 
−
==[[India]]==
 
−
*[[Ashok Leyland]]
 
−
*[[Bajaj Tempo]]
 
−
*[[Hero Honda Motars|HeroHonda]]
 
−
*[[Hindustan Motors|Hindustan]]
 
−
*[[Mahindra]]
 
−
*[[Maruti Udyog|Maruti]]
 
−
*[[Premier (car)|Premier]]
 
−
*[[Reva]]
 
−
*[[San Storm]]
 
−
*[[Sipani]]
 
−
Telco
 
−
 
 
−
==[[Iran]]==
 
−
*[[IAPMA]]
 
−
*[[Iran Khodro]]/[[Paykan]]/[[Samand]]
 
−
*[[Iran Vanet]]
 
−
*[[Kerman Khodro]]
 
−
*[[Morattab]]
 
−
*[[Pars Khodro]]
 
−
*[[Saipa]]
 
−
 
 
−
==[[Ireland]]==
 
−
*[[Dundalk]]
 
−
*[[Thomond]]
 
−
 
 
−
==[[Israel]]==
 
−
*[[AIL]]
 
−
*[[Autocars Co. Ltd.|Sabra]]
 
−
 
 
−
==[[Italy]]==
 
−
===A-H===
 
−
*[[Abarth]]
 
−
*[[Alfa Romeo]]
 
−
*[[Amilcar Italiana]]
 
−
*[[Arcadia]] (caravans)
 
−
*[[ASA (automobile)|ASA]]
 
−
*[[ATS (automobile)|ATS]]
 
−
*[[Autobianchi]]
 
−
*[[Bertone]]
 
−
*[[Bizzarrini]]
 
−
*[[Bonetti]]
 
−
*[[Bremach]]
 
−
*[[Brixia-Zust]]
 
−
*[[Bugatti Automobili SpA]]
 
−
*[[Carletti]]
 
−
*[[Casalini]]
 
−
*[[Cisitalia]]
 
−
*[[CityCat (Italy)|CityCat]]
 
−
*[[Cizeta-Moroder]]
 
−
*[[CMC]]
 
−
*[[Conrero]]
 
−
*[[De Tomaso]]
 
−
*[[Diatto]]
 
−
*[[Ecoiniziative]]
 
−
*[[Edonis]]
 
−
*[[Effedi]]
 
−
*[[Feab]]
 
−
*[[Ferrari]]
 
−
*[[Fissore]]
 
−
*[[Fiat]]
 
−
*[[Fornasari]]
 
−
*[[Grecav]]
 
−
 
 
−
===I-Z===
 
−
*[[Iso automobile|Iso]]
 
−
*[[Innocenti]]
 
−
*[[Isotta-Fraschini]]
 
−
*[[Itala]]
 
−
*[[Italauto]]
 
−
*[[Iveco]]
 
−
*[[Laiza]]
 
−
*[[Lamberti]]
 
−
*[[Lamborghini]]
 
−
*[[Lancia]]
 
−
*[[Maserati]]
 
−
*[[Mazzieri]]
 
−
*[[Minonzio]]
 
−
*[[Mobilvetta]]
 
−
*[[Moretti]]
 
−
*[[MyCar]]
 
−
*[[Officine Meccaniche]]
 
−
*[[OSCA]]
 
−
*[[Pagani]]
 
−
*[[Piaggio]]
 
−
*[[Qvale]]
 
−
*[[Siata]]
 
−
*[[SLC]]
 
−
*[[SPA (automobile)|SPA]]
 
−
*[[Start Lab]]
 
−
*[[Stanguellini]]
 
−
*[[Tasso]]
 
−
*[[TechnoLab]]
 
−
*[[Town Life]]
 
−
*[[Valentini]]
 
−
*[[Vespa (car)|Vespa]]
 
−
*[[Vignale]]
 
−
*[[Zagato]]
 
−
*[[Zust]]
 
−
 
 
−
==[[Japan]]==
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Autobacs]]
 
−
*[[Daihatsu]]
 
−
*[[Honda]] (also [[Acura]])
 
−
*[[Isuzu]]
 
−
*[[Mazda]] (also [[Autozam]]/[[Eunos]]/[[Efini]])
 
−
*[[Mitsubishi Motors Corporation|Mitsubishi]]
 
−
*[[Mitsuoka]]
 
−
*[[Nissan]] (formerly [[Datsun]], also [[Infiniti]])
 
−
*[[Prince Motor Company]]
 
−
*[[Subaru]] ([[Fuji Heavy Industries]])
 
−
*[[Suzuki Motor]]
 
−
*[[Tommy Kaira]]
 
−
*[[Toyota Motor Corporation]] (also [[Lexus]]/[[Scion (car)|Scion]])
 
−
 
 
−
==[[Latvia]]==
 
−
* [[Rigas Autobusu Fabrika|RAF]]
 
−
 
 
−
==[[Liechtenstein]]==
 
−
* [[Jehle]]
 
−
 
 
−
==[[Lithuania]]==
 
−
* [[Kauno Autobusu Gamykla|KAG]]
 
−
 
 
−
==[[Malaysia]]==
 
−
*[[Bufori]]
 
−
*[[Inokom]]
 
−
*[[Naza]]
 
−
*[[Perodua]]
 
−
*[[Proton (car)|Proton]]
 
−
*[[TD2000]]
 
−
 
 
−
==[[Namibia]]==
 
−
*[[URI (Cars)|URI]]
 
−
 
 
−
==[[Netherlands]]==
 
−
*[[Burton]]
 
−
*[[Carver (automobile)|Carver (Vandenbrink)]]
 
−
*[[Charon (cars)|Charon]]
 
−
*[[DAF Trucks|DAF]]
 
−
*[[Donkervoort]]
 
−
*[[Le Patron]]
 
−
*[[Ruska]]
 
−
*[[Spyker]]
 
−
*[[Spyker Cars]]
 
−
*[[Startwin]]
 
−
*[[Waaijenberg]]
 
−
 
 
−
==[[North Korea]]==
 
−
*[[Pyonghwa Motors|Pyonghwa]]
 
−
*[[Tokchon]]
 
−
 
 
−
==[[Norway]]==
 
−
*[[Kewet]]
 
−
*[[Think Nordic]] [[aka]]. [[Pivco]].
 
−
*[[Troll automobile|Troll]]
 
−
 
 
−
==[[Philippines]]==
 
−
*[[Sarao]]
 
−
 
 
−
==[[Poland]]==
 
−
*[[Autosan]]
 
−
*[[Fabryka Samochodow Malolitrazowych|FSM]]
 
−
*[[FSO car factory|FSO]]
 
−
*[[FSR]]
 
−
*[[HONKER]]
 
−
*[[JELCZ]]
 
−
*[[Leopard car]]
 
−
*[[Polski Fiat]]
 
−
*[[STAR]]
 
−
*[[INTRALL]]
 
−
 
 
−
==[[Portugal]]==
 
−
*[[Entreposto]]
 
−
*[[Portaro]]
 
−
*[[UMM]]
 
−
 
 
−
==[[Romania]]==
 
−
*[[ARO]]
 
−
*[[Dacia (car)|Dacia]]
 
−
*[[Dimitrie Vasescu]]
 
−
*[[IMS|IMS (part of ARO)]]
 
−
*[[Iustin Capra]]
 
−
*[[Lastun]]
 
−
*[[M.R.]]
 
−
*[[Malaxa]]
 
−
*[[Oltcit|Oltcit/Rodae]]
 
−
*[[ROMLOC]]
 
−
*[[Uzinele Brasov]]
 
−
 
 
−
==[[Russia]]==
 
−
*[[GAZ]]/[[Volga (automobile)|Volga]] (also [[Chaika]]/[[GAZ-M20 Pobeda|Pobeda]]/[[GAZ-12 ZIM|ZIM]])
 
−
*[[IZH]]
 
−
*[[Kamaz|KamAZ]]
 
−
*[[KAvZ]]
 
−
*[[KrAZ]]
 
−
*[[AZLK]]/[[Moskvitch]]
 
−
*[[PAZ]]
 
−
*[[SeAZ]]
 
−
*[[UAZ]]
 
−
*[[TagAZ]]
 
−
*[[AutoVAZ|VAZ]]/[[Lada]]/[[Zhiguli]]
 
−
*[[Zavod Imeni Likhocheva|ZIL/ZIS]]
 
−
 
 
−
==[[Serbia]]==
 
−
*[[Fabrika Automobila Priboj|FAP]]
 
−
*[[Zastava]]/[[Yugo]]
 
−
 
 
−
==[[Slovenia]]==
 
−
*[[IMV]]
 
−
*[[Tovarna avtomobilov Maribor|TAM]]/[[Tovarna Vozil Maribor|TVM]]
 
−
 
 
−
==[[South Korea]]==
 
−
*[[Asia Motors, Ltd|Asia Motors]] ([[1965]]-[[1999]]; merged with [[Kia Motors|Kia]] in [[1999]])
 
−
*[[Daewoo Bus Corporation]]
 
−
*[[GM Daewoo|GM DAT/Daewoo]]
 
−
*[[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]]
 
−
*[[Kia Motors]]
 
−
*[[Proto Motors]]
 
−
*[[Renault Samsung Motors]]
 
−
*[[SsangYong Motor Company|SsangYong]]
 
−
 
 
−
==[[Spain]]==
 
−
*[[Anglada]]
 
−
*[[Barreiros]]
 
−
*[[Biscuter]]
 
−
*[[Comarth]]
 
−
*[[Hispano-Suiza]]
 
−
*[[Hisparo]]
 
−
*[[Pegaso]]
 
−
*[[Santana Motor]]
 
−
*[[SEAT]]
 
−
*[[Uro]]
 
−
 
 
−
==[[Sweden]]==
 
−
*[[AS Special]]
 
−
*[[Berglund & Laurin]]
 
−
*[[BHB]]
 
−
*[[Design by Ulf]]
 
−
*[[Gemo]]
 
−
*[[Gin1]]
 
−
*[[Gun-Ger]]
 
−
*[[Evo Special]]
 
−
*[[Häcklefjäll]]
 
−
*[[Husqvarna]]
 
−
*[[Ilestam-Special]]
 
−
*[[Jösse Car|Jösse]]
 
−
*[[Koenigsegg]]
 
−
*[[MS Special]]
 
−
*[[Nilsson]]
 
−
*[[Nordic Uhr]]
 
−
*[[Pilot (auto manufacturer)|Pilot]]
 
−
*[[Saab Automobile|Saab]]
 
−
*[[S.A.M.]]
 
−
*[[Scania AB|Scania]]
 
−
*[[Thulin]]
 
−
*[[Tidaholm (automobile)|Tidaholm]]
 
−
*[[Tjorven (vehicle)|Tjorven]]/[[Kalmar (automobile)|Kalmar]]
 
−
*[[Vabis]]
 
−
*[[Volvo Cars]]
 
−
*[[Wahrendorfsbilen]]
 
−
*[[Wiba]]
 
−
*[[Woodstar]]
 
−
 
 
−
==[[Switzerland]]==
 
−
*[[Ajax (1906 automobile)|Ajax]]
 
−
*[[Albar]]
 
−
*[[Felber]]
 
−
*[[Monteverdi (car)|Monteverdi]]
 
−
*[[Pic-Pic]]
 
−
*[[Rapid]]
 
−
*[[Rinspeed]]
 
−
*[[Sbarro (automobile)|Sbarro]]
 
−
*[[Turicum]]
 
−
 
 
−
==[[Turkey]]==
 
−
*[[Devrim]]
 
−
*[[Anadol]]
 
−
*[[Bocek]]
 
−
*[[Murat124,Murat131]]
 
−
*[[Oyak-Renault12 Toros]]
 
−
*[[Sahin,Dogan,Kartal]]
 
−
*[[Otokar]]
 
−
*[[Ozaltin]]
 
−
 
 
−
==[[Ukraine]]==
 
−
*[[Kremenchukskyy Avtomobilnyy Zavod|KrAZ]]
 
−
*[[Lvovskiy Avtobusnyi Zavod|LAZ]]
 
−
*[[Lutskiy Avtomobilnyy Zavod|LuAZ]]
 
−
*[[ZAZ]]
 
−
 
 
−
==[[United Arab Emirates]]==
 
−
*[[Al-Dhabi]]
 
−
 
 
−
==[[United Kingdom]]==
 
−
===A-E===
 
−
*[[AC (car)|AC]]
 
−
*[[Adamson]]
 
−
*[[Albion (automobile)|Albion]]
 
−
*[[Allard]]
 
−
*[[Alvis Cars]] 1919-1967
 
−
*[[Ariel (car)|Ariel]]
 
−
*[[Arkley (automobile)|Arkley]]
 
−
*[[Armstrong Siddeley]] 1922 - 1959
 
−
*[[Arrol-Johnston]]
 
−
*[[Ashley]]
 
−
*[[Aston Martin]]
 
−
*[[Atalanta (1937 automobile)|Atalanta]]
 
−
*[[Austin Motor Company|Austin]]
 
−
*[[Austin-Healey]]
 
−
*[[AV (car)|AV]]
 
−
*[[Barnes (car)|Barnes]]
 
−
*[[Bean cars]]
 
−
*[[Belsize Motors]]
 
−
*[[Bentley]]
 
−
*[[Berkeley cars]]
 
−
*[[Bond Cars Ltd|Bond]]
 
−
*[[British Motor Corporation|BMC]]
 
−
*[[Birmingham Small Arms Company|BSA]]
 
−
*[[Bristol Cars|Bristol]] 1945 - present
 
−
*[[British Leyland]]
 
−
*[[British Salmson]]
 
−
*[[Calthorpe]]
 
−
*[[Caterham Cars|Caterham]]
 
−
*[[Clan cars|Clan]]
 
−
*[[Clyno]]
 
−
*[[Coventry-Victor]]
 
−
*[[Crossley Motors]]
 
−
*[[Crouch Cars]]
 
−
*[[Daimler]] 1896 - 2002
 
−
*[[Dawson Car Company]]
 
−
*[[Dellow]]
 
−
*[[De Lorean Motor Company|De Lorean]]
 
−
*[[Elva (car manufacturer)|Elva]]
 
−
*[[Excelsior Motor Company Ltd.]]
 
−
 
 
−
===F-L===
 
−
*[[Fairthorpe Cars|Fairthorpe]]
 
−
*[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]
 
−
*[[Frazer Nash]]
 
−
*[[Gilbern]]
 
−
*[[Ginetta Cars]]
 
−
*[[Gordon-Keeble]]
 
−
*[[Hillman]]
 
−
*[[HRG]]
 
−
*[[Humber (car)|Humber]]
 
−
*[[Invicta]]
 
−
*[[Jaguar (car)|Jaguar]]
 
−
*[[James and Browne]]
 
−
*[[Jensen]]
 
−
*[[Jowett]]
 
−
*[[Kieft Cars]]
 
−
*[[Lagonda]]
 
−
*[[Lammas Limited|Lammas]]
 
−
*[[Lanchester Motor Company|Lanchester]]
 
−
*[[Land Rover]]
 
−
*[[Lea-Francis]]
 
−
*[[Lister Cars|Lister]]
 
−
*[[Locost]]
 
−
*[[Lotus automobile|Lotus]]
 
−
*[[Lloyd cars]]
 
−
 
 
−
===M-R===
 
−
*[[MacNeillie]]
 
−
*[[Marauder Cars]]
 
−
*[[Marcos (automobile)|Marcos]]
 
−
*[[Marendaz]]
 
−
*[[McLaren Cars|McLaren]]
 
−
*[[Metrocab]]
 
−
*[[MG (car)|MG]]
 
−
*[[Mini]]
 
−
*[[Morgan Motor Company|Morgan]]
 
−
*[[Morris Motor Company|Morris]]
 
−
*[[Noble (automaker)|Noble]]
 
−
*[[Ogle Design|Ogle]]
 
−
*[[Panther (car)|Panther]]
 
−
*[[Peerless/Warwick]]
 
−
*[[Piper (disambiguation)|Piper]]
 
−
*[[Railton]]
 
−
*[[Range Rover]] - sub-marque of Land Rover
 
−
*[[Reliant]]
 
−
*[[Riley (automobile)|Riley]]
 
−
*[[Rochdale (car)|Rochdale]]
 
−
*[[Rolls-Royce]]
 
−
*[[Rover (car)|Rover]]
 
−
 
 
−
===S-W===
 
−
*[[Siddeley-Deasy]]
 
−
*[[Singer (car)|Singer]] 1905 - 1970
 
−
*[[Standard Motor Company|Standard]]
 
−
*[[Sterling (car)|Sterling]]
 
−
*[[Streamline Cars Ltd]]
 
−
*[[Sunbeam Car Company|Sunbeam]]
 
−
*[[Swallow (car)|Swallow]]
 
−
*[[Swallow Doretti]]
 
−
*[[Swift Motor Company]]
 
−
*[[Talbot]]
 
−
*[[Tornado (car company)]]
 
−
*[[Trident (car company)|Trident]]
 
−
*[[Triumph Motor Company|Triumph]]
 
−
*[[Trojan (automobile)|Trojan]]
 
−
*[[Turner]]
 
−
*[[TVR]]
 
−
*[[Vanden Plas]]
 
−
*[[Vauxhall Motors|Vauxhall]]
 
−
*[[Westfield Cars]]
 
−
*[[Willys Overland Crossley]]
 
−
*[[Wolseley]]
 
−
 
 
−
==[[United States]]==
 
−
There were over 1800 automobile manufacturers in the United States from 1896 to 1930. Very few survived and only a few new ones were started after that period.
 
−
 
 
−
=== Major current US automakers ===
 
−
With their various brand-names, many of which earlier had been independent companies:
 
−
 
 
−
*[[AM General]] (not sold to private individuals; similar vehicles are sold to ordinary consumers as [[Hummer]]s)
 
−
 
 
−
*[[DaimlerChrysler]]
 
−
**[[American Motors]] (no longer sold)
 
−
***[[Nash Motors|Nash]] (no longer sold)
 
−
***[[Hudson Motor Car|Hudson]] (no longer sold}
 
−
***[[Rambler (car)|Rambler]] (no longer sold)
 
−
***[[Eagle automobiles|Eagle]] (no longer sold)
 
−
***[[Jeep]]
 
−
****[[Willys-Overland]] (no longer sold)
 
−
****Aero [[Willys]] (no longer sold)
 
−
**[[Chrysler]]
 
−
***[[Imperial (automobile)|Imperial]] (no longer sold)
 
−
***[[Maxwell Motor Company|Maxwell]] (no longer sold)
 
−
***[[Chalmers]] (no longer sold)
 
−
**[[Dodge]]
 
−
**[[Plymouth (car)|Plymouth]] (no longer sold)
 
−
**[[De Soto (automobile)|De Soto]] (no longer sold)
 
−
 
 
−
*[[General Motors]]
 
−
**[[Buick]]
 
−
**[[Cadillac (automobile)|Cadillac]]
 
−
**[[Chevrolet]]
 
−
**[[Geo]] (no longer sold)
 
−
**[[GMC Truck|GMC]]
 
−
**[[Hummer]]
 
−
**[[LaSalle]] (no longer sold)
 
−
**[[Marquette automobile|Marquette]] (no longer sold)
 
−
**[[Oakland automobile|Oakland]] (no longer sold)
 
−
**[[Oldsmobile]] (no longer sold)
 
−
**[[Pontiac]]
 
−
**[[Saturn automobile|Saturn]]
 
−
**[[Viking automobile|Viking]] (no longer sold)
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]
 
−
**[[Edsel]] (no longer sold)
 
−
**[[Lincoln (automobile)|Lincoln]]
 
−
**[[Mercury (automobile)|Mercury]]
 
−
**[[Merkur]] (no longer sold)
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Vector Supercars]]
 
−
 
 
−
=== Defunct US automakers ===
 
−
====A====
 
−
*[[Abbott-Detroit]] (1909)
 
−
*[[A.B.C. High-Wheeler (automobile)|A.B.C. High-Wheeler]] (1905)
 
−
*[[Ace Motor Corp]] (1920)
 
−
*[[Acme (automobile)|Acme]] (1904)
 
−
*[[AC Propulsion]]
 
−
*[[Adams-Farwell]] (1905)
 
−
*[[Adelphia (automobile)|Adelphia]] (1920)
 
−
*[[Adria (automobile)|Adria]] (1921)
 
−
*[[Aerocar]] (1906)
 
−
*[[Ajax (automobile)|Ajax]] (1901 and 1925)
 
−
*[[Akron (automobile)|Akron]] (1900)
 
−
*[[Albany (automobile)|Albany]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Alpena (automobile)|Alpena]] (1911)
 
−
*[[Alsace (automobile)|Alsace]] (1920)
 
−
*[[American Locomotive Company|Alco]] (1909)
 
−
*[[Allen Kingston|Allen-Kingston]] (1908)
 
−
*[[Allen Motor Company|Allen]]
 
−
*[[Allstate (automobile)|Allstate]]
 
−
*[[Alter (automobile)|Alter]] (1915)
 
−
*[[Amco]] (1917)
 
−
*[[Ambassador (automobile)|Ambassador]] (1921)
 
−
*[[American Austin]] (later [[American Bantam]])
 
−
*[[Walter (automobile)|American Chocolate]] (1902)
 
−
*[[American De Dion (automobile)|American De Dion]] (1900)
 
−
*[[American Electric]]
 
−
*[[American Fiat (automobile)|American Fiat]] (1910)
 
−
*[[American Locomotive Company]] (ALCO) (1909)
 
−
*[[American Mercedes (automobile)|American Mercedes]] (1905)
 
−
*[[American Mors (automobile)|American Mors]] (1906)
 
−
*[[American Motors]]
 
−
*[[American Napier (automobile)|American Napier]] (1904)
 
−
*[[American Piedmont (automobile)|American Piedmont]] (1917)
 
−
*[[American Simplex (automobile)|American Simplex]] (1906)
 
−
*[[American Steamer (automobile)|American Steamer]] (1922)
 
−
*[[American Underslung]] (1906)
 
−
*[[American Voiturette Company]]
 
−
*[[Ames (automobile)|Ames]] (1910)
 
−
*[[Amplex (automobile)|Amplex]] (1910)
 
−
*[[Anchor (automobile)|Anchor]] (1910)
 
−
*[[Anderson (automobile)|Anderson]] (1907 and 1916)
 
−
*[[Anderson Electric Car Company]] (later [[Detroit Electric]])
 
−
*[[Anhut Motor Car Company]] (1910)
 
−
*[[Apperson]] (1902) (see also [[Haynes-Apperson]])
 
−
*[[ArBenz (automobile)|ArBenz]] (1911)
 
−
*[[Ardsley (automobile)|Ardsley]] (1905)
 
−
*[[Argo Electric (automobile)|Argo Electric]] (1912)
 
−
*[[Argonne Four (automobile)|Argonne Four]] (1919)
 
−
*[[Ariel (automobile)|Ariel]] (1905)
 
−
*[[Armstrong Electric]]
 
−
*[[Arnolt]]
 
−
*[[Atlas (automobile)|Atlas]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Atlas-Knight (automobile)|Atlas-Knight]] (1912)
 
−
*[[Atterbury (automobile)|Atterbury]] (1911)
 
−
*[[Auburn Automobile|Auburn]] (1900)
 
−
*[[Aurora (automobile)|Aurora]] (1905, 1907)
 
−
*[[Austin (automobile)|Austin]] (1903)
 
−
*[[American Motors Corporation]]
 
−
*[[Autocar_Company|Autocar]] (1901)
 
−
*[[Autocycle (Vandegriff) (automobile)|Autocycle (Vandegriff)]] (1906)
 
−
*[[Automatic Electric (automobile)|Automatic Electric]] (1921)
 
−
*[[Automobile Fore-Carriage (automobile)|Automobile Fore-Carriage]] (1900)
 
−
*[[Automotor (automobile)|Automotor]] (1901)
 
−
*[[Avanti]]
 
−
 
 
−
====B====
 
−
*[[Babcock (automobile)|Babcock]] (1909)
 
−
*[[Babcock Electric (automobile)|Babcock Electric]] (1906)
 
−
*[[Bailey Electric (automobile)|Bailey Electric]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Baker Electric]] (1899)
 
−
*[[Balboa (automobile)|Balboa]] (1924)
 
−
*[[Baldner (automobile)|Baldner]] (1902)
 
−
*[[Baldwin Steam]] (1899)
 
−
*[[Banker (automobile)|Banker]] (1905)
 
−
*[[Barbarino (automobile)|Barbarino]] (1925)
 
−
*[[Barley (automobile)|Barley]] (1923)
 
−
*[[American Austin Car Company|Bantam]]
 
−
*[[Barnes (automobile)|Barnes]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Bates (automobile)|Bates]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Bauer (taxi) (automobile)|Bauer (taxi)]] (1925)
 
−
*[[Bay State (automobile)|Bay State]] (1907 and 1922)
 
−
*[[Beaver State Motor Company|Beaver]]
 
−
*[[Beggs (automobile)|Beggs]] (1920)
 
−
*[[Belden (automobile)|Belden]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Bell (automobile)|Bell]] (1916)
 
−
*[[Bendix (automobile)|Bendix]] (1908)
 
−
*[[Benham (automobile)|Benham]] (1914)
 
−
*[[Ben Hur (automobile)|Ben Hur]] (1917)
 
−
*[[Benner (automobile)|Benner]] (1908)
 
−
*[[Berg (automobile)|Berg]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Bergdoll (automobile)|Bergdoll]] (1910)
 
−
*[[Berkshire (automobile)|Berkshire]] (1905)
 
−
*[[Bertolet (automobile)|Bertolet]] (1908)
 
−
*[[Beverly (automobile)|Beverly]] (1904)
 
−
*[[Biddle (automobile)|Biddle]] (1915)
 
−
*[[Binney & Burnham Steam (automobile)|Binney & Burnham Steam]] (1902)
 
−
*[[Birch (automobile)|Birch]] (1916)
 
−
*[[Birmingham (automobile)|Birmingham]] (1921)
 
−
*[[Black (automobile)|Black]] (1908)
 
−
*[[Black Crow (automobile)|Black Crow]] (1909)
 
−
*[[Black Diamond (automobile)|Black Diamond]] (1904)
 
−
*[[Blackhawk (automobile)|Blackhawk]] (1903 and 1929)
 
−
*[[Bliss (automobile)|Bliss]] (1906)
 
−
*[[B.L.M. (automobile)|B.L.M.]] (1906)
 
−
*[[Blomstrom (automobile)|Blomstrom]] (1902)
 
−
*[[Bobbie Kar]]
 
−
*[[Bolte (automobile)|Bolte]] (1900)
 
−
*[[Borland Electric (automobile)|Borland Electric]] (1910)
 
−
*[[Boss (automobile)|Boss]] (1905)
 
−
*[[Boston (steam) (automobile)|Boston (steam)]] (1900)
 
−
*[[Bour-Davis (automobile)|Bour-Davis]] (1916)
 
−
*[[Bowman (automobile)|Bowman]] (1921)
 
−
*[[Bradley (automobile)|Bradley]] (1920)
 
−
*[[Brazier (automobile)|Brazier]] (1902)
 
−
*[[Brecht (automobile)|Brecht]] (1901)
 
−
*[[Breese & Lawrence (automobile)|Breese & Lawrence]] (1905)
 
−
*[[Brew-Hatcher (automobile)|Brew-Hatcher]] (1904)
 
−
*[[Brewster (automobile)|Brewster]]
 
−
*[[Brewster-Knight (automobile)|Brewster-Knight]] (1916)
 
−
*[[Briggs-Detroiter]]
 
−
*[[Briggs & Stratton (automobile)|Briggs & Stratton]] (1919)
 
−
*[[Briggs & Stratton Flyer (automobile)|Briggs & Stratton Flyer]] (1918)
 
−
*[[Briscoe Motor Company]] (1914)
 
−
*[[Bristol (automobile)|Bristol]] (1902)
 
−
*[[Broc Electric (automobile)|Broc Electric]] (1909)
 
−
*[[Brooks Steamer (automobile)|Brooks Steamer]] (1927)
 
−
*[[Browniekar (automobile)|Browniekar]] (1908)
 
−
*[[Brunn (automobile)|Brunn]] (1906)
 
−
*[[Brush Motor Car Company]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Buckeye (automobile)|Buckeye]] (1901)
 
−
*[[Buckmobile (automobile)|Buckmobile]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Buffalo (automobile)|Buffalo]] (1900)
 
−
*[[Buffalo Electric]] (1901)
 
−
*[[Buffum (automobile)|Buffum]] (1901)
 
−
*[[Bugmobile (automobile)|Bugmobile]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Buick]] (1904)
 
−
*[[Burg (automobile)|Burg]] (1910)
 
−
*[[Bush (automobile)|Bush]] (1916)
 
−
 
 
−
====C====
 
−
*[[Cadillac]] (1903)
 
−
  c.n Caddy  (1900) Canasota NY
 
−
*[[Calvert (automobile)|Calvert]] (1927)
 
−
*[[Cameron (automobile)|Cameron]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Canda (automobile)|Canda]] (1900)
 
−
*[[Cantono Electric (automobile)|Cantono Electric]] (1904)
 
−
*[[Cardway (automobile)|Cardway]] (1923)
 
−
*[[Carhartt (automobile)|Carhartt]] (1911)
 
−
*[[Car-Nation (cyclecar) (automobile)|Car-Nation (cyclecar)]] (1912)
 
−
*[[Carroll Six (automobile)|Carroll Six]] (1921)
 
−
*[[Cartercar (automobile)|Cartercar]] (1905)
 
−
*[[Cavalier (automobile)|Cavalier]] (1926)
 
−
*[[Case (automobile)|Case]] (1911)
 
−
*[[Centaur (automobile)|Centaur]] (1902)
 
−
*[[Century (electric and steam) (automobile)|Century (electric and steam)]] (1901)
 
−
*[[C-F (Cornish-Friedberg) (automobile)|C-F (Cornish-Friedberg)]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Chadwick (automobile)|Chadwick]] (1904)
 
−
*[[Chalfant (automobile)|Chalfant]] (1906)
 
−
*[[Chalmers Automobile Company|Chalmers]]
 
−
*[[Chalmers-Detroit (automobile)|Chalmers-Detroit]] (1908)
 
−
*[[Champion (automobile)|Champion]] (1919)
 
−
*[[Chandler Motor Car|Chandler]] (1913)
 
−
*[[Chaparral (car)|Chaparral]]
 
−
*[[Chase (automobile)|Chase]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Checker Cab]] (1921)
 
−
*[[Chevrolet]] (1911)
 
−
*[[Chicago Electric]] (1899 and 1912)
 
−
*[[Chicago Motor Buggy (automobile)|Chicago Motor Buggy]] (1908)
 
−
*[[Chief (automobile)|Chief]] (1908)
 
−
*[[Christie (automobile)|Christie]] (1904)
 
−
*[[Chrysler]] (1924)
 
−
*[[Church Manufacturing Company|Church]]
 
−
*[[Church-Field Electric (automobile)|Church-Field Electric]] (1912)
 
−
*[[Cincinnati Steam (automobile)|Cincinnati Steam]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Clark-Hatfield (automobile)|Clark-Hatfield]] (1908)
 
−
*[[Clarkmobile (automobile)|Clarkmobile]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Clark Steam (automobile)|Clark Steam]] (1900)
 
−
*[[Cleveland (automobile)|Cleveland]] (1918) (a small [[Chandler Motor Car|Chandler]])
 
−
*[[Cleveland Electric]]
 
−
*[[Cl‚net Coachworks|Clenet]]
 
−
*[[Climber (automobile)|Climber]] (1919)
 
−
*[[Clipper (automobile)|Clipper]] 1956 only
 
−
*[[Cloughley (automobile)|Cloughley]] (1902)
 
−
*[[Clymer (highwheeler) (automobile)|Clymer (highwheeler)]] (1908)
 
−
*[[Coates-Goshen (automobile)|Coates-Goshen]] (1909)
 
−
*[[Coats Steam Car (automobile)|Coats Steam Car]] (1922)
 
−
*[[Coey (automobile)|Coey]] (1913)
 
−
*[[Colburn (automobile)|Colburn]] (1906)
 
−
*[[Colby (automobile)|Colby]] (1911)
 
−
*[[Cole Motor Car Company|Cole]] (1909)
 
−
*[[Collins Electric (automobile)|Collins Electric]] (1900)
 
−
*[[Colonial Automobile Company|Colonial]] (1921)
 
−
*[[Colt (automobile)|Colt]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Columbia Electric]]
 
−
*[[Columbia Motors]] (1916)
 
−
*[[Columbus Electric (automobile)|Columbus Electric]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Comet (automobile)|Comet]] (1917)
 
−
*[[Commander (automobile)|Commander]] (1922)
 
−
*[[Commerce Motor Car Company|Commerce]]
 
−
*[[Commercial Electric (automobile)|Commercial Electric]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Commodore (automobile)|Commodore]] (1921)
 
−
*[[Commonwealth (automobile)|Commonwealth]] (1917)
 
−
*[[Compound (E.H.V.) (automobile)|Compound (E.H.V.)]] (1904)
 
−
*[[Conover (automobile)|Conover]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Conrad (steam) (automobile)|Conrad (steam)]] (1901)
 
−
*[[Consolidated Motor Company]]
 
−
*[[Continental (automobile)|Continental]] (1907 and 1910 and 1940)
 
−
*[[Corbin (automobile)|Corbin]] (1905)
 
−
*[[Corbitt (automobile)|Corbitt]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Cord Automobile]] (1929)
 
−
*[[Corinthian (automobile)|Corinthian]] (1922)
 
−
*[[Correja (automobile)|Correja]] (1909)
 
−
*[[Cosmopolitan (highwheeler) (automobile)|Cosmopolitan (highwheeler)]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Cotta Steam (automobile)|Cotta Steam]] (1901)
 
−
*[[Country Club (automobile)|Country Club]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Courier (automobile)|Courier]] (1904 and 1923)
 
−
*[[Courier Car Co]] (1909/10)
 
−
*[[Covert (automobile)|Covert]] (1902)
 
−
*[[Craig-Toledo (automobile)|Craig-Toledo]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Crane (automobile)|Crane]] (1912)
 
−
*[[Crane-Simplex]] (1915 and 1922)
 
−
*[[Crawford Automobile]] (1905)
 
−
*[[Crescent (automobile)|Crescent]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Crest (automobile)|Crest]] (1900)
 
−
*[[Crestmobile (automobile)|Crestmobile]] (1901)
 
−
*[[Crosley]]
 
−
*[[Crowdus Electric (automobile)|Crowdus Electric]] (1900)
 
−
*[[Crow-Elkhart (automobile)|Crow-Elkhart]] (1911)
 
−
*[[Crown (highwheeler) (automobile)|Crown (highwheeler)]] (1908)
 
−
*[[Croxton-Keeton (automobile)|Croxton-Keeton]] (1909)
 
−
*[[Cruiser (automobile)|Cruiser]] (1917)
 
−
*[[Culver (automobile)|Culver]] (1905)
 
−
*[[Cunningham (automobile)|Cunningham]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Curtis (automobile)|Curtis]] (1921)
 
−
*[[Cutting (automobile)|Cutting]] (1909)
 
−
*[[C.V.I. (automobile)|C.V.I.]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Cyclomobile (automobile)|Cyclomobile]] (1920)
 
−
 
 
−
====D====
 
−
*[[D.A.C (Detroit Air Cooled) (automobile)|D.A.C (Detroit Air Cooled)]] (1922)
 
−
*[[Dagmar (automobile)|Dagmar]] (1922)
 
−
*[[Dalton (automobile)|Dalton]] (1911)
 
−
*[[Daniels (automobile)|Daniels]] (1916)
 
−
*[[Darling (automobile)|Darling]] (1901)
 
−
*[[Dawson (automobile)|Dawson]] (1904)
 
−
*[[Davenport Steam (automobile)|Davenport Steam]] (1902)
 
−
*[[Davis (automobile)|Davis]] (1908)
 
−
*[[Day Automobile Company]]
 
−
*[[Dayton Electric]]
 
−
*[[Davis (automobile)|Davis]]
 
−
*[[Deal (automobile)|Deal]] (1908)
 
−
*[[Decker (automobile)|Decker]] (1902)
 
−
*[[Deemster (automobile)|Deemster]] (1923)
 
−
*[[DeKalb (automobile)|DeKalb]] (1915)
 
−
*[[Delling Steamer (automobile)|Delling Steamer]] (1923)
 
−
*[[Del Mar (automobile)|Del Mar]]
 
−
*[[De Lorean]]
 
−
*[[Demot (automobile)|Demot]] (1910)
 
−
*[[Demotcar]]
 
−
*[[De Motte (automobile)|De Motte]] (1904)
 
−
*[[Desberon (automobile)|Desberon]] (1901)
 
−
*[[DeSchaum (automobile)|DeSchaum]] (1908)
 
−
*[[De Soto (cyclecar) (automobile)|De Soto (cyclecar)]] (1913)
 
−
*[[De Tamble (automobile)|De Tamble]] (1908)
 
−
*[[De Vaux]]
 
−
*[[De Vaux Continental]]
 
−
*[[Detroit (automobile)|Detroit]] (1904)
 
−
*[[D.A.C (Detroit Air Cooled) (automobile)|Detroit Air Cooled]] (1922)
 
−
*[[Detroit Automobile]] (1899-1901)
 
−
*[[Detroit-Dearborn]] (1909)
 
−
*[[Detroit Electric]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Detroiter (automobile)|Detroiter]] (1912)
 
−
*[[Detroit Steamer (automobile)|Detroit Steamer]] (1923)
 
−
*[[De Soto (automobile)|Diplomat]] (Canadian model)
 
−
*[[Diamond T (automobile)|Diamond T]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Diana (automobile)|Diana]] (1925)
 
−
*[[Dile (automobile)|Dile]] (1914)
 
−
*[[Dingfelder]]
 
−
*[[Disbrow (automobile)|Disbrow]] (1917)
 
−
*[[Dispatch (automobile)|Dispatch]] (1910)
 
−
*[[Dixie Flyer (automobile)|Dixie Flyer]] (1916)
 
−
*[[Doble|Doble Steamer]] (1914)
 
−
*[[Dodge]] (1914)
 
−
*[[Dodo (cyclecar) (automobile)|Dodo (cyclecar)]] (1912)
 
−
*[[Dolson (automobile)|Dolson]] (1904)
 
−
*[[Dorris|Dorris Motors Company]]
 
−
*[[Dort (automobile)|Dort]] (1915)
 
−
*[[Dragon (automobile)|Dragon]] (1906)
 
−
*[[Drake (automobile)|Drake]] (1921)
 
−
*[[Driggs (automobile)|Driggs]] (1921)
 
−
*[[Drummond (automobile)|Drummond]] (1916)
 
−
*[[Dual-Ghia]]
 
−
*[[Duer (highwheeler) (automobile)|Duer (highwheeler)]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Duplex (automobile)|Duplex]] (1908)
 
−
*[[DuPont (automobile)|DuPont]] (1918-32)
 
−
*[[Duquesne (automobile)|Duquesne]] (1904)
 
−
*[[Durant_automobile|Durant]] (1921)
 
−
*[[Durocar (automobile)|Durocar]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Duryea Motor Wagon Company|Duryea]] (1895)
 
−
*[[Duesenberg]] (1920)
 
−
*[[Dyke (automobile)|Dyke]] (1899)
 
−
 
 
−
====E====
 
−
*[[Eagle (automobile)|Eagle]] (1923)
 
−
*[[Eagle Air Cooled (automobile)|Eagle Air Cooled]] (1905)
 
−
*[[Eagle-Macomber Rotary (automobile)|Eagle-Macomber Rotary]] (1917)
 
−
*[[Earl (automobile)|Earl]] (1907 and 1922)
 
−
*[[Eclipse Steamer (automobile)|Eclipse Steamer]] (1900)
 
−
*[[Economy (automobile)|Economy]] (1916)
 
−
*[[Economy (highwheeler) (automobile)|Economy (highwheeler)]] (1908)
 
−
*[[Economy-Vogue (automobile)|Economy-Vogue]] (1920)
 
−
*[[Edsel]] (short-lived Ford subsidiary)
 
−
*[[Edwards-Knight (automobile)|Edwards-Knight]] (1912)
 
−
*[[Elcar (automobile)|Elcar]] (1916)
 
−
*[[Eldredge (automobile)|Eldredge]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Electrakar (automobile)|Electrakar]]
 
−
*[[Electric Carriage and Wagon Company]] (1896-1897) becomes Electric Vehicle Company
 
−
*[[Electric Vehicle Company]] (1897-1909) becomes Columbia
 
−
*[[Electrobat (automobile)|Electrobat]]
 
−
*[[Elgin (automobile)|Elgin]] (1916)
 
−
*[[Emancipator (automobile)|Emancipator]] (1909)
 
−
*[[E-M-F Company]] (1908)
 
−
*[[Empire (automobile)|Empire]] (1909)
 
−
*[[Empire Steamer (automobile)|Empire Steamer]] (1899-1901)
 
−
*[[Enger (automobile)|Enger]] (1909)
 
−
*[[Erskine (automobile)|Erskine]] (1927)
 
−
*[[Essex (automobile)|Essex]] (1901 and 1919)
 
−
*[[Essex Steam (automobile)|Essex Steam]] (1906)
 
−
*[[Euclid (automobile)|Euclid]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Eureka (automobile)|Eureka]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Everitt (automobile)|Everitt]] (1909 and 1910)
 
−
*[[Everybody's (automobile)|Everybody's]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Excelsior (automobile)|Excelsior]]
 
−
*[[Excalibur (automobile)|Excalibur]]
 
−
 
 
−
====F====
 
−
*[[Fageol (automobile)|Fageol]] (1917)
 
−
*[[Fairbanks-Morse (automobile)|Fairbanks-Morse]] (1908)
 
−
*[[F.A.L. (automobile)|F.A.L.]] (1909)
 
−
*[[Falcon (automobile)|Falcon]] (1907 and 1922)
 
−
*[[Falcon-Knight (automobile)|Falcon-Knight]] (1927)
 
−
*[[Famous (automobile)|Famous]] (1908)
 
−
*[[Fanning (automobile)|Fanning]] (1901)
 
−
*[[Fargo (automobile)|Fargo]] (1929)
 
−
*[[Farmac (automobile)|Farmac]] (1915)
 
−
*[[Farner (automobile)|Farner]] (1922)
 
−
*[[Fee-American (automobile)|Fee-American]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Fergus (automobile)|Fergus]] (1916)
 
−
*[[Ferris (automobile)|Ferris]] (1920)
 
−
*[[Firestone-Columbus (automobile)|Firestone-Columbus]] (1909)
 
−
*[[Flanders (automobile)|Flanders]] (1910)
 
−
*[[Flint Motor Company]] (1923)
 
−
*[[Flint Steam (automobile)|Flint Steam]] (1902)
 
−
*[[Ford Motor Company (automobile)|Ford Motor Company]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Forest City (automobile)|Forest City]] (1905)
 
−
*[[Foster (automobile)|Foster]] (1901)
 
−
*[[Fostoria (automobile)|Fostoria]] (1906)
 
−
*[[Four Traction (Kato) (automobile)|Four Traction (Kato)]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Four Wheel Drive (automobile)|Four Wheel Drive]] (1904)
 
−
*[[Fox (automobile)|Fox]] (1921)
 
−
*[[Franklin (automobile)|Franklin]] (1902)
 
−
*[[Frayer-Miller (automobile)|Frayer-Miller]] (1904)
 
−
*[[Kaiser-Frazer|Frazer]]
 
−
*[[Frazier (automobile)|Frazier]]
 
−
*[[Fredonia (automobile)|Fredonia]] (1902)
 
−
*[[Fremont (automobile)|Fremont]] (1921)
 
−
*[[Friedman (automobile)|Friedman]] (1900)
 
−
*[[Friend (automobile)|Friend]] (1921)
 
−
*[[Fritchle Electric (automobile)|Fritchle Electric]] (1905)
 
−
*[[Frontenac (automobile)|Frontenac]] (1906 and 1922)
 
−
*[[F.R.P. (automobile)|F.R.P.]] (1914)
 
−
*[[Fuller (automobile)|Fuller]] (1908)
 
−
*[[FWD Truck (automobile)|FWD Truck]] (1910)
 
−
 
 
−
====G====
 
−
*[[Gaethmobile (automobile)|Gaethmobile]] (1902)
 
−
*[[Gale (automobile)|Gale]] (1905)
 
−
*[[Gardner (automobile)|Gardner]] (1920)
 
−
*[[Gardnier (automobile)|Gardnier]]
 
−
*[[Garford (automobile)|Garford]] (1908)
 
−
*[[Gasmobile|Gasmobile]] (1900)
 
−
*[[Gas-Au-Lec (automobile)|Gas-Au-Lec]] (1905)
 
−
*[[Gaylord (automobile)|Gaylord]] (1911)
 
−
*[[Gearless (automobile)|Gearless]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Gearless Steam (automobile)|Gearless Steam]] (1920)
 
−
*[[General (automobile)|General]] (1902)
 
−
*[[Geneva Steam (automobile)|Geneva Steam]] (1901)
 
−
*[[Geronimo (automobile)|Geronimo]] (1917)
 
−
*[[Ghent (automobile)|Ghent]] (1917)
 
−
*[[Gibbs Electric (automobile)|Gibbs Electric]] (1904)
 
−
*[[Gifford-Pettitt (automobile)|Gifford-Pettitt]] (1907)
 
−
*[[G.J.G. (automobile)|G.J.G.]] (1909)
 
−
*[[Glide (automobile)|Glide]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Globe (automobile)|Globe]] (1920)
 
−
*[[Goodspeed (automobile)|Goodspeed]] (1922)
 
−
*[[Graham (automobile)|Graham]]
 
−
*[[Graham Electric (automobile)|Graham Electric]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Graham Motorette (automobile)|Graham Motorette]] (1902)
 
−
*[[Graham-Paige (automobile)|Graham-Paige]]
 
−
*[[Grant (automobile)|Grant]] (1913)
 
−
*[[Gray (automobile)|Gray]] (1922)
 
−
*[[Great Eagle (automobile)|Great Eagle]] (1910)
 
−
*[[Great Smith (automobile)|Great Smith]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Great Southern (automobile)|Great Southern]] (1912)
 
−
*[[Great Western (automobile)|Great Western]] (1910)
 
−
*[[Greeley (automobile)|Greeley]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Gregory (automobile)|Gregory]] (1922)
 
−
*[[Grinnell Electric (automobile)|Grinnell Electric]] (1912)
 
−
*[[Griswold (automobile)|Griswold]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Grout (automobile)|Grout]] (1899)
 
−
*[[Gurley (automobile)|Gurley]] (1899)
 
−
 
 
−
====H====
 
−
*[[Hackett (automobile)|Hackett]] (1917)
 
−
*[[H.A.L. (automobile)|H.A.L.]] (1916)
 
−
*[[Hall (automobile)|Hall]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Halladay (automobile)|Halladay]] (1905)
 
−
*[[Halsey Steam (automobile)|Halsey Steam]] (1901)
 
−
*[[Hamlin-Holmes (automobile)|Hamlin-Holmes]] (1921)
 
−
*[[Hammer (automobile)|Hammer]] (1905)
 
−
*[[Hammer-Sommer (automobile)|Hammer-Sommer]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Handley-Knight (automobile)|Handley-Knight]] (1921)
 
−
*[[Hanover (automobile)|Hanover]] (1921)
 
−
*[[Harper (automobile)|Harper]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Harrigan (automobile)|Harrigan]] (1922)
 
−
*[[Harris Six (automobile)|Harris Six]] (1923)
 
−
*[[Harrison (automobile)|Harrison]] (1906)
 
−
*[[Harroun (automobile)|Harroun]] (1917)
 
−
*[[Harvard (automobile)|Harvard]] (1915)
 
−
*[[Hasbrouck (automobile)|Hasbrouck]] (1900)
 
−
*[[Hatfield (automobile)|Hatfield]] (1907 and 1916)
 
−
*[[Havers (automobile)|Havers]] (1911)
 
−
*[[Hawley (automobile)|Hawley]] (1906)
 
−
*[[Hay-Berg (automobile)|Hay-Berg]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Haydock (automobile)|Haydock]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Haynes-Apperson]] (see also [[Apperson]])
 
−
*[[H.C.S. (automobile)|H.C.S.]] (1920)
 
−
*[[Heine-Velox (automobile)|Heine-Velox]] (1906 and 1921)
 
−
*[[Henderson (automobile)|Henderson]] (1912)
 
−
*[[Henney (automobile)|Henney]] (1921)
 
−
*[[Henry (automobile)|Henry]] (1910)
 
−
*[[Henry J (automobile)|Henry J]]
 
−
*[[Hercules (automobile)|Hercules]] (1914)
 
−
*[[Herff-Brooks Corporation]] (1915)
 
−
*[[Herreshoff (automobile)|Herreshoff]] (1909)
 
−
*[[Hertz (automobile)|Hertz]] (1926)
 
−
*[[Hewitt (automobile)|Hewitt]] (1906)
 
−
*[[Hewitt-Lindstrom (automobile)|Hewitt-Lindstrom]] (1900)
 
−
*[[Highlander (automobile)|Highlander]] (1919)
 
−
*[[Hill (automobile)|Hill]] (1904)
 
−
*[[Hobbie (automobile)|Hobbie]] (1908)
 
−
*[[Hoffman (steam) (automobile)|Hoffman (steam)]] (1901)
 
−
*[[Holley (automobile)|Holley]] (1900)
 
−
*[[Hollier (automobile)|Hollier]] (1915)
 
−
*[[Holly (automobile)|Holly]] (1913)
 
−
*[[Holsman (automobile)|Holsman]] (1902)
 
−
*[[Holyoke (automobile)|Holyoke]] (1899)
 
−
*[[Homer-Laughlin (automobile)|Homer-Laughlin]] (1916)
 
−
*[[Hoppenstand (automobile)|Hoppenstand]]
 
−
*[[Howard (automobile)|Howard]] (1903 and 1913)
 
−
*[[Huber (automobile)|Huber]]
 
−
*[[Hudson Motor Car|Hudson]] (1909)
 
−
*[[Hudson Steamer (automobile)|Hudson Steamer]] (1901)
 
−
*[[Huffman (automobile)|Huffman]] (1920)
 
−
*[[Hupmobile]] (1909)
 
−
*[[Hupp-Yeats (automobile)|Hupp-Yeats]] (1911)
 
−
 
 
−
====I-J====
 
−
*[[Ideal (automobile)|Ideal]] (1902 and 1907)
 
−
*[[Illinois (automobile)|Illinois]] (1909)
 
−
*[[Imp (cyclecar) (automobile)|Imp (cyclecar)]] (1913)
 
−
*[[Imperial (automobile)|Imperial]] (1900 and 1908 and 1955)
 
−
*[[Innes (automobile)|Innes]] (1920)
 
−
*[[International (automobile)|International]] (1900)
 
−
*[[International (highwheeler) (automobile)|International (highwheeler)]] (1907)
 
−
*[[International Harvester]]
 
−
*[[Inter-State (automobile)|Inter-State]] (1909)
 
−
*[[Iroquois (automobile)|Iroquois]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Jackson Automobile Company]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Jaxon Steam (automobile)|Jaxon Steam]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Jeannin (automobile)|Jeannin]] (1908)
 
−
*[[Jeffery (automobile)|Jeffery]] (1914)
 
−
*[[Jenkins (automobile)|Jenkins]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Jerrery (automobile)|Jerrery]]
 
−
*[[Jewell (automobile)|Jewell]] (1906)
 
−
*[[Jewett (automobile)|Jewett]] (1922)
 
−
*[[Johnson (automobile)|Johnson]] (1905)
 
−
*[[Johnson Service Company]]
 
−
*[[Jones (automobile)|Jones]] (1914)
 
−
*[[Jones-Corbin (automobile)|Jones-Corbin]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Jonz (automobile)|Jonz]] (1909)
 
−
*[[Jordan Motor Car|Jordan]] (1916)
 
−
*[[Julian (automobile)|Julian]] (1925)
 
−
 
 
−
====K====
 
−
*[[Kaiser Motors|Kaiser]]
 
−
*[[Kansas City (automobile)|Kansas City]] (1906)
 
−
*[[Kauffman (Advance) (automobile)|Kauffman (Advance)]] (1909)
 
−
*[[Kearns (automobile)|Kearns]] (1909)
 
−
*[[Keene Steamobile (automobile)|Keene Steamobile]] (1900)
 
−
*[[Keller (automobile)|Keller]]
 
−
*[[Kelsey (automobile)|Kelsey]] (1920)
 
−
*[[Kenmore (automobile)|Kenmore]] (1910)
 
−
*[[Kensington (automobile)|Kensington]] (1899)
 
−
*[[Kent (automobile)|Kent]] (1916)
 
−
*[[Kenworthy (automobile)|Kenworthy]] (1920)
 
−
*[[Kermath (automobile)|Kermath]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Kessler (automobile)|Kessler]] (1920)
 
−
*[[Keystone (automobile)|Keystone]] (1900 and 1909)
 
−
*[[Kiblinger (highwheeler) (automobile)|Kiblinger (highwheeler)]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Kidder (automobile)|Kidder]] (1899)
 
−
*[[Kimball Electric (automobile)|Kimball Electric]] (1910)
 
−
*[[King Motor Car Company]] (1911)
 
−
*[[Kingston (automobile)|Kingston]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Kissel Motor Car Company]] (1906)
 
−
*[[Kleiber (automobile)|Kleiber]] (1924)
 
−
*[[Kline Kar (automobile)|Kline Kar]] (1910)
 
−
*[[Klink (automobile)|Klink]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Klock (automobile)|Klock]] (1900)
 
−
*[[Knox Automobile|Knox]] (1900)
 
−
*[[Kobusch (automobile)|Kobusch]] (1906)
 
−
*[[K-R-I-T Motor Car Company]] (1910)
 
−
*[[Kurtz Automatic (automobile)|Kurtz Automatic]] (1920)
 
−
*[[Kunz (automobile)|Kunz]] (1902)
 
−
*[[Kurtis]]
 
−
 
 
−
====L====
 
−
*[[LaFayette Motors|LaFayette]] (1921)
 
−
*[[LaMarne (automobile)|LaMarne]] (1920)
 
−
*[[Lambert (automobile)|Lambert]] (1906)
 
−
*[[Lane Steam (automobile)|Lane Steam]] (1900)
 
−
*[[La Petite (automobile)|La Petite]] (1905)
 
−
*[[La Salle (automobile)|La Salle]] (1927)
 
−
*[[Laurel (automobile)|Laurel]] (1916)
 
−
*[[Lauth-Juergens (automobile)|Lauth-Juergens]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Leach-Builtwell (automobile)|Leach-Builtwell]] (1920)
 
−
*[[Leach Steamer]] (1899)
 
−
*[[Leader (automobile)|Leader]] (1905)
 
−
*[[Lenox (automobile)|Lenox]] (1911)
 
−
*[[Leon Rubay (automobile)|Leon Rubay]] (1923)
 
−
*[[Lexington Motor]] (1909)
 
−
*[[Lewis (automobile)|Lewis]] (1901 and 1914)
 
−
*[[Liberty Motor Car|Liberty]] (1916)
 
−
*[[Lincoln (automobile)|Lincoln]] (1908 and 1921)
 
−
*[[Lion Motor Car Company]] (1910)
 
−
*[[Little (automobile)|Little]] (1912)
 
−
*[[Locomobile]] (1899)
 
−
*[[Logan (automobile)|Logan]] (1904)
 
−
*[[Lone Star (automobile)|Lone Star]] (1919)
 
−
*[[Long Distance (automobile)|Long Distance]] (1901)
 
−
*[[Lorraine (automobile)|Lorraine]] (1907 and 1920)
 
−
*[[Lozier (automobile)|Lozier]] (1905)
 
−
*[[Luverne (automobile)|Luverne]] (1904)
 
−
*[[Luxor (automobile)|Luxor]] (1924)
 
−
*[[Lyman & Burnham (automobile)|Lyman & Burnham]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Lyons-Knight (automobile)|Lyons-Knight]] (1913)
 
−
 
 
−
====M====
 
−
*[[MacDonald (automobile)|MacDonald]] (1923)
 
−
*[[Mackle-Thompson (automobile)|Mackle-Thompson]] (1903)
 
−
*[[MacNaughton (electric) (automobile)|MacNaughton (electric)]] (1906)
 
−
*[[Madison (automobile)|Madison]] (1915)
 
−
*[[Mahoning (automobile)|Mahoning]] (1904)
 
−
*[[Maibohm (automobile)|Maibohm]] (1916)
 
−
*[[Majestic (taxi) (automobile)|Majestic (taxi)]] (1925)
 
−
*[[Manexall (automobile)|Manexall]] (1920)
 
−
*[[Marathon Motor Works]] (1908)
 
−
*[[Marble-Swift (automobile)|Marble-Swift]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Marion (automobile)|Marion]] (1904)
 
−
*[[Marion-Handley (automobile)|Marion-Handley]] (1916)
 
−
*[[Marlboro (steam) (automobile)|Marlboro (steam)]] (1900)
 
−
*[[Marmon]] (1904)
 
−
*[[Marquette (automobile)|Marquette]] (1912 and 1929)
 
−
*[[Marr (automobile)|Marr]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Marshall (automobile)|Marshall]] (1920)
 
−
*[[Martin Motors|Martin]]
 
−
*[[Marvel (automobile)|Marvel]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Maryland (automobile)|Maryland]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Mason (automobile)|Mason]] (1906)
 
−
*[[Matheson (automobile)|Matheson]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Maumee (automobile)|Maumee]] (1906)
 
−
*[[Maxwell automobile|Maxwell]] (1905)
 
−
*[[Maxwell-Briscoe]]
 
−
*[[Mayfair (automobile)|Mayfair]] (1925)
 
−
*[[McCue (automobile)|McCue]] (1909)
 
−
*[[McCurdy (automobile)|McCurdy]] (1922)
 
−
*[[McFarlan (automobile)|McFarlan]] (1910)
 
−
*[[McGill (4WD) (automobile)|McGill (4WD)]] (1921)
 
−
*[[McIntire (automobile)|McIntire]] (1909)
 
−
*[[McIntyre (automobile)|McIntyre]]
 
−
*[[Mecca (cyclecar) (automobile)|Mecca (cyclecar)]] (1915)
 
−
*[[Mecca (automobile)|Mecca]] (standard-size) (1916)
 
−
*[[Media (automobile)|Media]] (1899)
 
−
*[[Menominee Electric (automobile)|Menominee Electric]] (1915)
 
−
*[[Mercer (automobile)|Mercer]] (1910)
 
−
*[[Mercury (automobile)|Mercury]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Merit (automobile)|Merit]] (1921)
 
−
*[[Meteor (automobile)|Meteor]] (1915, 1919)
 
−
*[[Metropolitan (automobile)|Metropolitan]] (1922)
 
−
*[[Metz (automobile)|Metz]] (1909)
 
−
*[[Metzger Motor Car Company]]
 
−
*[[Michigan (automobile)|Michigan]] (1904)
 
−
*[[Michigan Automobile Company]]
 
−
*[[Michigan Motor Car Manufacturing Company]]
 
−
*[[Midland (automobile)|Midland]] (1908)
 
−
*[[Mier (automobile)|Mier]] (1908)
 
−
*[[Mighty Michigan (automobile)|Mighty Michigan]] (1911)
 
−
*[[Milburn Electric (automobile)|Milburn Electric]] (1914)
 
−
*[[Miller (automobile)|Miller]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Milwaukee (steam) (automobile)|Milwaukee (steam)]] (1900)
 
−
*[[Mitchell Motors]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Model (automobile)|Model]] (1902)
 
−
*[[Modoc (automobile)|Modoc]] (1912)
 
−
*[[Mohawk (automobile)|Mohawk]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Moline (automobile)|Moline]] (1904)
 
−
*[[Moline-Knight (automobile)|Moline-Knight]] (1914)
 
−
*[[Moller (automobile)|Moller]] (1920)
 
−
*[[Monarch (automobile)|Monarch]] (1903 and 1905 and 1907 and 1913)
 
−
*[[Moncrief Steam (automobile)|Moncrief Steam]] (1901)
 
−
*[[Monitor (automobile)|Monitor]] (1915)
 
−
*[[Monroe (automobile)|Monroe]] (1914)
 
−
*[[Moon Motor Car]] (1905)
 
−
*[[Moore (automobile)|Moore]] (1906 and 1916)
 
−
*[[Mora (automobile)|Mora]] (1906)
 
−
*[[Morse (automobile)|Morse]] (1910)
 
−
*[[Morse Steam (automobile)|Morse Steam]] (1905)
 
−
*[[Mosler]] (originally named Consulier)
 
−
*[[Motorette (automobile)|Motorette]] (1911)
 
−
*[[Moyea (automobile)|Moyea]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Munson Company]]
 
−
*[[Muntz Car Company]]
 
−
*[[Murdaugh (automobile)|Murdaugh]] (1901)
 
−
*[[Murray (automobile)|Murray]] (1902 and 1916)
 
−
*[[Murray-Mac Six (automobile)|Murray-Mac Six]] (1921)
 
−
 
 
−
====N====
 
−
*[[Napoleon (automobile)|Napoleon]] (1917)
 
−
*[[Nash Motors|Nash]] (1917)
 
−
*[[National Electric (automobile)|National Electric]] (1901)
 
−
*[[National Motor Vehicle Company|National]]
 
−
*[[Nelson (automobile)|Nelson]] (1917)
 
−
*[[New Era (automobile)|New Era]] (1916)
 
−
*[[New York Six (automobile)|New York Six]] (1927) with "Parkmobile" device
 
−
*[[Niagara (automobile)|Niagara]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Nielson (automobile)|Nielson]] (1906)
 
−
*[[Noma (automobile)|Noma]] (1919)
 
−
*[[Northern (automobile)|Northern]] (1902)
 
−
*[[Northern Manufacturing Company]]
 
−
*[[Northway (automobile)|Northway]] (1921)
 
−
*[[Norton (automobile)|Norton]] (1901)
 
−
*[[Norwalk (automobile)|Norwalk]] (1910)
 
−
*[[Nyberg (automobile)|Nyberg]] (1911)
 
−
 
 
−
====O====
 
−
*[[Oakland Motor Car|Oakland]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Oakman-Hertel (automobile)|Oakman-Hertel]] (1899)
 
−
*[[Ogren (automobile)|Ogren]] (1915)
 
−
*[[Ohio (automobile)|Ohio]] (1909)
 
−
*[[Ohio Electric (automobile)|Ohio Electric]] (1910)
 
−
*[[Olympian (automobile)|Olympian]] (1917)
 
−
*[[Omaha (automobile)|Omaha]] (1912)
 
−
*[[Orient (automobile)|Orient]] (1899)
 
−
*[[Ormond Steam (automobile)|Ormond Steam]] (1904)
 
−
*[[Otto (automobile)|Otto]] (1910)
 
−
*[[Owen (automobile)|Owen]] (1910)
 
−
*[[Owen Magnetic]] (1915)
 
−
*[[Owen-Thomas (automobile)|Owen-Thomas]] (1908)
 
−
*[[Overland]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Oxford (automobile)|Oxford]] (1905)
 
−
 
 
−
====P-Q====
 
−
*[[Packard]] (1899)
 
−
*[[Page (automobile)|Page]] (1906)
 
−
*[[Paige automobile|Paige]]
 
−
*[[Paige-Detroit (automobile)|Paige-Detroit]] (1909)
 
−
*[[Palmer (highwheeler) (automobile)|Palmer (highwheeler)]] (1906)
 
−
*[[Palmer-Singer (automobile)|Palmer-Singer]] (1908)
 
−
*[[Pan (automobile)|Pan]] (1919)
 
−
*[[Pan-American (automobile)|Pan-American]] (1917)
 
−
*[[Panoz]]
 
−
*[[Paragon (automobile)|Paragon]] (1906)
 
−
*[[Parenti (automobile)|Parenti]] (1920)
 
−
*[[Parkin (automobile)|Parkin]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Parry Auto Company]] (1910)
 
−
*[[Parsons Electric (automobile)|Parsons Electric]] (1905)
 
−
*[[Partin-Palmer (automobile)|Partin-Palmer]] (1913)
 
−
*[[W.A. Paterson Company]] (1908)
 
−
*[[Pathfinder (automobile)|Pathfinder]] (1912)
 
−
*[[Pawtucket Steam (automobile)|Pawtucket Steam]] (1901)
 
−
*[[Peerless]] (1900)
 
−
*[[Penn (automobile)|Penn]] (1911)
 
−
*[[Pennsy (automobile)|Pennsy]] (1917)
 
−
*[[Pennsylvania (automobile)|Pennsylvania]] (1907)
 
−
*[[People's (automobile)|People's]] (1900)
 
−
*[[Perfection (automobile)|Perfection]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Perfex (automobile)|Perfex]] (1912)
 
−
*[[Peters (automobile)|Peters]] (1921)
 
−
*[[Petrel (automobile)|Petrel]] (1909)
 
−
*[[Pickard (automobile)|Pickard]] (1909)
 
−
*[[Pierce-Arrow]]
 
−
*[[Pierce-Racine (automobile)|Pierce-Racine]] (1904)
 
−
*[[Pilgrim (automobile)|Pilgrim]] (1915)
 
−
*[[Pilliod (automobile)|Pilliod]] (1915)
 
−
*[[Pittsburgh (automobile)|Pittsburgh]] (1908)
 
−
*[[Phelps (automobile)|Phelps]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Phianna (automobile)|Phianna]] (1917)
 
−
*[[Pilot (automobile)|Pilot]] (1909)
 
−
*[[Planche (automobile)|Planche]] (1909)
 
−
*[[Playboy (automobile)|Playboy]]
 
−
*[[Plymouth (automobile)|Plymouth]] (1910)
 
−
*[[Pomeroy (automobile)|Pomeroy]] (1902)
 
−
*[[Pontiac]] (1906 and 1926)
 
−
*[[Pope-Hartford (automobile)|Pope-Hartford]] (1904)
 
−
*[[Pope-Robinson (automobile)|Pope-Robinson]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Pope-Toledo (automobile)|Pope-Toledo]] (late 1903 as 1904 model)
 
−
*[[Pope-Tribune (automobile)|Pope-Tribune]] (1904)
 
−
*[[Pope-Waverley Electric (automobile)|Pope-Waverley Electric]] (1904)
 
−
*[[Porter (automobile)|Porter]] (1919)
 
−
*[[Postal (highwheeler) (automobile)|Postal (highwheeler)]] (1906)
 
−
*[[Powell (automobile)|Powell]]
 
−
*[[Pratt (automobile)|Pratt]] (1912)
 
−
*[[Pratt-Elkhart (automobile)|Pratt-Elkhart]] (1909)
 
−
*[[Premier (automobile)|Premier]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Premocar (automobile)|Premocar]] (1920)
 
−
*[[Prescott Steam (automobile)|Prescott Steam]] (1901)
 
−
*[[Princeton (automobile)|Princeton]] (1923)
 
−
*[[Publix (automobile)|Publix]]
 
−
*[[Pullman (automobile)|Pullman]] (1905)
 
−
*[[Pungs-Finch (automobile)|Pungs-Finch]] (1904)
 
−
*[[Pup (automobile)|Pup]]
 
−
*[[C.H Blomstrom Motor Company|Queen]] (1904)
 
−
*[[Quinlan (automobile)|Quinlan]] (1904)
 
−
 
 
−
====R====
 
−
*[[Rainier (automobile)|Rainier]] (1905)
 
−
*[[Raleigh (automobile)|Raleigh]] (1921)
 
−
*[[Rambler (car)|Rambler]] (1902 and 1950)
 
−
*[[Randall Three-Wheeler (automobile)|Randall Three-Wheeler]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Ranger (automobile)|Ranger]] (1907 and 1920)
 
−
*[[Rapid (automobile)|Rapid]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Rauch & Lang (automobile)|Rauch & Lang]] (1905)
 
−
*[[R&V Knight (automobile)|R&V Knight]] (1920)
 
−
*[[Rayfield (automobile)|Rayfield]] (1911)
 
−
*[[R.C.H. (automobile)|R.C.H.]] (1912)
 
−
*[[Read (automobile)|Read]] (1913)
 
−
*[[Reading Steamer (automobile)|Reading Steamer]] (1901)
 
−
*[[Reber (automobile)|Reber]] (1902)
 
−
*[[Rees (automobile)|Rees]] (1921)
 
−
*[[Reese Aero-Car (automobile)|Reese Aero-Car]] (1921)
 
−
*[[Reeves (automobile)|Reeves]] (1905)
 
−
*[[Regal (automobile)|Regal]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Regas (automobile)|Regas]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Reliable Dayton (automobile)|Reliable Dayton]] (1906)
 
−
*[[Reliance (automobile)|Reliance]] (1904)
 
−
*[[Remington (automobile)|Remington]] (1900)
 
−
*[[Republic Motor Car Company|Republic]] (1910)
 
−
*[[Reo]] (1905)
 
−
*[[Richard (automobile)|Richard]] (1915)
 
−
*[[Richelieu (automobile)|Richelieu]] (1922)
 
−
*[[Richmond (automobile)|Richmond]] (1904)
 
−
*[[Rickenbacker (car)|Rickenbacker]] (1922)
 
−
*[[Ricketts (automobile)|Ricketts]] (1909)
 
−
*[[Riddle (automobile)|Riddle]] (1916)
 
−
*[[Rider-Lewis (automobile)|Rider-Lewis]] (1908)
 
−
*[[Riker Electric]]
 
−
*[[Roader (automobile)|Roader]] (1911)
 
−
*[[Roamer (automobile)|Roamer]] (1916)
 
−
*[[Roberts (automobile)|Roberts]] (1904)
 
−
*[[Robinson (automobile)|Robinson]] (1900)
 
−
*[[Rockaway (automobile)|Rockaway]] (1902)
 
−
*[[Rocket (automobile)|Rocket]]
 
−
*[[Rock Falls (automobile)|Rock Falls]] (1919)
 
−
*[[Rockne]]
 
−
*[[Rodgers (automobile)|Rodgers]] (1921)
 
−
*[[Roebling (automobile)|Roebling]] (1909)
 
−
*[[Rogers (automobile)|Rogers]] (1911)
 
−
*[[Rogers & Hanford (automobile)|Rogers & Hanford]] (1901)
 
−
*[[Rollin Motors]] (1923)
 
−
*[[Rolls-Royce (automobile)|Rolls-Royce]] (1921)
 
−
*[[Romer (automobile)|Romer]] (1921)
 
−
*[[Roosevelt (automobile)|Roosevelt]] (1929)
 
−
*[[Ross (automobile)|Ross]] (1915)
 
−
*[[Rotary (automobile)|Rotary]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Royal Electric (automobile)|Royal Electric]] (1904)
 
−
*[[Royal Princess (automobile)|Royal Princess]] (1904)
 
−
*[[Royal Tourist (automobile)|Royal Tourist]] (1904)
 
−
*[[Russell (automobile)|Russell]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Russell-Knight (automobile)|Russell-Knight]]
 
−
*[[Ruxton (automobile)|Ruxton]] (1929)
 
−
 
 
−
====S====
 
−
*[[Saf-T-Cab (taxi) (automobile)|Saf-T-Cab (taxi)]] (1926)
 
−
*[[Saleen]]
 
−
*[[Salter (automobile)|Salter]] (1909)
 
−
*[[Sampson (automobile)|Sampson]]
 
−
*[[Sandusky (automobile)|Sandusky]] (1902)
 
−
*[[Santos-Dumont (automobile)|Santos-Dumont]] (1902)
 
−
*[[Saxon Motor Car Company]] (1914)
 
−
*[[Sayers (automobile)|Sayers]] (1917)
 
−
*[[Schacht (automobile)|Schacht]] (1904)
 
−
*[[Schuler (automobile)|Schuler]] (1924)
 
−
*[[Scripps-Booth (automobile)|Scripps-Booth]] (1915)
 
−
*[[Searchmont (automobile)|Searchmont]] (1900)
 
−
*[[Sears|Sears, Roebuck Company]]
 
−
*[[Sears (highwheeler) (automobile)|Sears (highwheeler)]] (1908)
 
−
*[[Sebring (automobile)|Sebring]] (1910)
 
−
*[[Sekine (automobile)|Sekine]] (1923)
 
−
*[[Selden (automobile)|Selden]] (defunct before 1919)
 
−
*[[Sellers (automobile)|Sellers]] (1909)
 
−
*[[Senator (automobile)|Senator]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Seneca (automobile)|Seneca]] (1917)
 
−
*[[Severin (automobile)|Severin]] (1920)
 
−
*[[S.G.V. (automobile)|S.G.V.]] (1911)
 
−
*[[Sharp Arrow (automobile)|Sharp Arrow]] (1908)
 
−
*[[Shaw (Colonial) (automobile)|Shaw (Colonial)]] (1920)
 
−
*[[Shawmut (automobile)|Shawmut]] (1906)
 
−
*[[Shelby (automobile)|Shelby]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Shelby-American]]
 
−
*[[Sheridan (automobile)|Sheridan]] (1921)
 
−
*[[Shoemaker (automobile)|Shoemaker]] (1906)
 
−
*[[Sibley (automobile)|Sibley]] (defunct before 1919)
 
−
*[[Simms (automobile)|Simms]] (1920)
 
−
*[[Simplex (automobile)|Simplex]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Simplicity (automobile)|Simplicity]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Singer (automobile)|Singer]] (1914)
 
−
*[[Single Center (automobile)|Single Center]] (1906)
 
−
*[[Smith (automobile)|Smith]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Skelton (automobile)|Skelton]] (1920)
 
−
*[[S&M Simplex (automobile)|S&M Simplex]] (1904)
 
−
*[[Sommer (automobile)|Sommer]] (defunct before 1919)
 
−
*[[Southern (automobile)|Southern]] (defunct before 1919)
 
−
*[[Southern Six (automobile)|Southern Six]] (1920)
 
−
*[[Spacke (automobile)|Spacke]] (1919)
 
−
*[[Spaulding (automobile)|Spaulding]] (1910)
 
−
*[[Speedway (automobile)|Speedway]] (1905)
 
−
*[[Speedwell (automobile)|Speedwell]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Spencer (automobile)|Spencer]] (1921)
 
−
*[[Sperling (automobile)|Sperling]] (1921)
 
−
*[[Sphinx (automobile)|Sphinx]] (1915)
 
−
*[[Spoerer (automobile)|Spoerer]] (1909)
 
−
*[[Springer (automobile)|Springer]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Springfield Steam (automobile)|Springfield Steam]] (1900)
 
−
*[[S&S (automobile)|S&S]] (1924)
 
−
*[[Stafford (automobile)|Stafford]] (1908)
 
−
*[[Standard Motor Company]]
 
−
*[[Standard (New Jersey) (automobile)|Standard (New Jersey)]] (1904)
 
−
*[[Standard Electric (automobile)|Standard Electric]] (1911)
 
−
*[[Stanley automobile|Stanley]]
 
−
*[[Stanwood (automobile)|Stanwood]] (1920)
 
−
*[[Star (automobile)|Star]] (1903 and 1922)
 
−
*[[States (automobile)|States]] (1917)
 
−
*[[Staver (automobile)|Staver]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Steamobile (automobile)|Steamobile]] (1901)
 
−
*[[Stearns (automobile)|Stearns]] (1901)
 
−
*[[Steel Swallow (automobile)|Steel Swallow]] (1906)
 
−
*[[Stephens (automobile)|Stephens]] (1917)
 
−
*[[Sterling (automobile)|Sterling]] (1909)
 
−
*[[Sterling-Knight (automobile)|Sterling-Knight]] (1923)
 
−
*[[Stevens-Duryea]] (1904)
 
−
*[[Stilson (automobile)|Stilson]] (1907)
 
−
*[[St. Joe (automobile)|St. Joe]] (1908)
 
−
*[[St. Louis (automobile)|St. Louis]] (1899 and 1922)
 
−
*[[Stoddard-Dayton]] (1904)
 
−
*[[Stoddard-Dayton Knight (automobile)|Stoddard-Dayton Knight]] (1912)
 
−
*[[Storck Steam (automobile)|Storck Steam]] (1901)
 
−
*[[Stout-Scarab (automobile)|Stout-Scarab]]
 
−
*[[Strathmore (automobile)|Strathmore]] (1899)
 
−
*[[Stratton-Bliss (automobile)|Stratton-Bliss]] (1922)
 
−
*[[Strong & Rogers Electric (automobile)|Strong & Rogers Electric]] (1900)
 
−
*[[Studebaker]] (1904)
 
−
*[[Studebaker Electric (automobile)|Studebaker Electric]] (1902)
 
−
*[[Sturtevant (automobile)|Sturtevant]] (1904)
 
−
*[[Stutz]] (1911)
 
−
*[[Stuyvesant (automobile)|Stuyvesant]] (1911)
 
−
*[[Suburban (automobile)|Suburban]] (defunct before 1919)
 
−
*[[Success Auto Buggy (automobile)|Success Auto Buggy]] (1906)
 
−
*[[Sultan (automobile)|Sultan]] (1908)
 
−
*[[Sun (automobile)|Sun]] (1916)
 
−
*[[Synnestvedt Electric (automobile)|Synnestvedt Electric]] (1904)
 
−
 
 
−
====T-V====
 
−
*[[Tarkington (automobile)|Tarkington]] (1922)
 
−
*[[Taunton Steam (automobile)|Taunton Steam]] (1901)
 
−
*[[Texan (automobile)|Texan]] (1920)
 
−
*[[Thomas (automobile)|Thomas]] (1903)
 
−
*[[E.R. Thomas Detroit Company|Thomas-Detroit]] (1906)
 
−
*[[Thompson (steam) (automobile)|Thompson (steam)]] (1901)
 
−
*[[Thompson Electric (automobile)|Thompson Electric]] (1901)
 
−
*[[Tincher (automobile)|Tincher]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Toledo (automobile)|Toledo]] (1909)
 
−
*[[Toledo (gas) (automobile)|Toledo (gas)]] (1902)
 
−
*[[Toledo (steam) (automobile)|Toledo (steam)]] (1901)
 
−
*[[Touraine (automobile)|Touraine]] (1912)
 
−
*[[Tourist (automobile)|Tourist]] (1902)
 
−
*[[Towne Shopper (automobile)|Towne Shopper]]
 
−
*[[Trask Steam (automobile)|Trask Steam]] (1922)
 
−
*[[Traveler (automobile)|Traveler]] (1924)
 
−
*[[Trebert (automobile)|Trebert]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Tribune (automobile)|Tribune]] (1913)
 
−
*[[Triumph (steam or electric) (automobile)|Triumph (steam or electric)]] (1900)
 
−
*[[Triumph (automobile)|Triumph]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Tucker automobile|Tucker]]
 
−
*[[Tulsa (automobile)|Tulsa]] (1918)
 
−
*[[Twombly (cyclecar)]] (1913)
 
−
*[[Twombly (automobile)|Twombly]] (1910-1911)
 
−
*[[Union (automobile)|Union]] (1902)
 
−
*[[United States Motor Company]]
 
−
*[[Upton (automobile)|Upton]] (1902)
 
−
*[[Valiant (automobile)|Valiant]]
 
−
*[[Velie]] (1909-29)
 
−
*[[Vector (cars)|Vector Aeromotive]]
 
−
*[[Victor (automobile)|Victor]] (1905)
 
−
*[[Victor Steam (automobile)|Victor Steam]] (1899)
 
−
*[[Viking (automobile)|Viking]] (1908 and 1929)
 
−
*[[Virginian (automobile)|Virginian]] (1911)
 
−
*[[Vixen (automobile)|Vixen]] (1914)
 
−
*[[Vulcan (automobile)|Vulcan]] (1913)
 
−
 
 
−
====W-Z====
 
−
*[[Waco (automobile)|Waco]] (1916)
 
−
*[[Wagenhals (automobile)|Wagenhals]] (defunct before 1919)
 
−
*[[Wahl (automobile)|Wahl]] (1913)
 
−
*[[Waldron (automobile)|Waldron]] (1908)
 
−
*[[Walker (automobile)|Walker]] (1905)
 
−
*[[Wall (automobile)|Wall]] (1901)
 
−
*[[Walter (automobile)|Walter]] (1902) (also known as American Chocolate)
 
−
*[[Waltham (automobile)|Waltham]] (1922)
 
−
*[[Waltham-Orient (automobile)|Waltham-Orient]] (defunct before 1919)
 
−
*[[Waltham Steam (automobile)|Waltham Steam]] (1899)
 
−
*[[Walworth (automobile)|Walworth]] (1904)
 
−
*[[Warner (Muncie) (automobile)|Warner (Muncie)]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Warwick (automobile)|Warwick]] (1901)
 
−
*[[Warren Motor Car Company|Warren-Detroit]] (1910)
 
−
*[[Washington (automobile)|Washington]] (1909, 1921)
 
−
*[[Wasp (automobile)|Wasp]] (1920)
 
−
*[[Waterloo (automobile)|Waterloo]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Watrous (automobile)|Watrous]] (1905)
 
−
*[[Waverley Electric (automobile)|Waverley Electric]]
 
−
*[[Wayne (automobile)|Wayne]] (1904)
 
−
*[[Webb Jay (steam) (automobile)|Webb Jay (steam)]] (1908)
 
−
*[[Welch Motor Car Company]]
 
−
*[[Welch Tourist (automobile)|Welch Tourist]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Welch-Detroit (automobile)|Welch-Detroit]] (defunct before 1919)
 
−
*[[Welch-Marquette (automobile)|Welch-Marquette]] (defunct before 1919)
 
−
*[[Welch-Pontiac (automobile)|Welch-Pontiac]](defunct before 1919)
 
−
*[[Wescott (automobile)|Wescott]] (1909)
 
−
*[[W.F.S. (automobile)|W.F.S.]] (1911)
 
−
*[[Wharton (automobile)|Wharton]] (1922)
 
−
*[[White (automobile)|White]] (1903)
 
−
*[[White Motor Company|White]] (1910)
 
−
*[[White Steamer (automobile)|White Steamer]] (1900)
 
−
*[[Wick (automobile)|Wick]] (1902)
 
−
*[[Whiting (automobile)|Whiting]] (defunct before 1919)
 
−
*[[Wilcox (automobile)|Wilcox]] (1910)
 
−
*[[Wildman (automobile)|Wildman]] (1902)
 
−
*[[Wills Saint Claire (automobile)|Wills Saint Claire]] (1921)
 
−
*[[Wills and Company]]
 
−
*[[Willys]]
 
−
*[[Willys Knight|Willys-Knight]] (1914)
 
−
*[[Windsor (automobile)|Windsor]] (1929)
 
−
*[[Winther (automobile)|Winther]] (1921)
 
−
*[[Winton automobile|Winton]]
 
−
*[[Wizard (automobile)|Wizard]] (1921)
 
−
*[[Whippet]] (1926)
 
−
*[[Wolfe (automobile)|Wolfe]] (1907)
 
−
*[[Wolverine (automobile)|Wolverine]] (1904 and 1927)
 
−
*[[Woods Dual Power (automobile)|Woods Dual Power]] (1917)
 
−
*[[Woods Electric (automobile)|Woods Electric]] (1899)
 
−
*[[Woodworth (automobile)|Woodworth]] (defunct before 1919)
 
−
*[[Yale (automobile)|Yale]] (1902 and 1916)
 
−
*[[Yellow Cab Manufacturing Company]] (1915)
 
−
*[[Zentmobile (automobile)|Zentmobile]] (1903)
 
−
*[[Zimmer (automobile)|Zimmer]]
 
−
*[[Zimmerman (automobile)|Zimmerman]] (1908)
 
−
*[[Zip (automobile)|Zip]] (defunct before 1919)
 
−
 
 
−
===See also===
 
−
* [[U.S. Automobile Production Figures]]
 
−
 
 
−
==[[Vietnam]]==
 
−
 
 
−
*[[Song Cong Diesel]]
 
−
----
 
−
 
 
−
== See also ==
 
−
* [[Lists of companies]]
 
−
 
 
−
== External links ==
 
−
 
 
−
* [http://members.chello.nl/j.baartse/cars/  Car makes of the world, 1894 - present], presenting more than 3700 makes
 
−
 
 
−
[[Category:Automobile manufacturers|*]]
 
−
[[Category:Lists of companies by industry]]
 

Revision as of 17:13, 15 February 2007

The straight-4 or inline-4 is an internal combustion engine with four cylinders aligned in one row. Nicknamed a four-banger, this straight engine configuration is the most common in cars with a displacement up to 2.3 Litres. The current "practical" limit to the displacement of Straight-4 engines in a car is around 2.7 litres. However, in tractors and other construction machinery, four-cylinder diesel engines with a displacement of 4.5 litres and above can still be found.

The straight-4 engine is not a balanced configuration. While a pair of pistons is always moving up at the same time as the other pair is moving down, piston speed - as with all internal combustion engines - is higher through the top 180 degrees of the stroke than the bottom 180 degrees, which leads to a secondary harmonic imbalance. While this is tolerable in a small low-displacement low-power configuration, the vibrations get worse with increasing size and power. Most straight-4 engines below 2.0 L in displacement rely on the damping effect of their engine mounts. Today, most engineers will make use of balance shafts above that limit. A 4-cylinder engine needs two balance shafts, rotating at twice the crankshaft frequency, to be smooth. Nevertheless, there were several samples of larger straight-4s in production using no balance shafts, such as the Citroën DS 23 2347 cc engine that was a derivative of the Traction Avant engine, and the 1948 Austin 2660 cc engine used in the Austin-Healey 100 and Austin Atlantic. These engines were generally the result of a long incremental evolution process and their power was kept relatively low regarding their capacity.

Automobile use

Notable straight-4 engines

The smallest automobile production straight-4 engine powered the 1961 Mazda P360 Carol keicar. Displacing just 358 cc, the Mazda OHV was a conventional but tiny pushrod engine. Straight-4 motorcyle engines are built down to 250 cc, e.g. in the Honda CBR 250. Most straight-4 engines, however, have been over 0.7 L in displacement. A practical upper limit could be placed in the 2.5 L range for production cars. Larger engines (up to 4.5 L) have been seen in racing and light truck use, especially using diesel fuel (an example is the Mercedes-Benz MBE 904). The use of balance shafts allowed Porsche to use a 3.0 L (2990 cc) straight-4 engine on road cars like the Porsche 968, but the largest modern non-diesel was the plain 3.2 L (3188 cc) 195 in the 1961 Pontiac Tempest.

In the early 20th century, bigger engines existed, both in road cars and sports cars. Due to the absence of displacement limit regulations, manufacturers took increasing liberties with engine size. In order to achieve power over 100 hp, most engine builders simply increased displacement, which could sometimes achieve over 10.0 L. One of the biggest straight-4s of its time was De Dietrich 17,000 cc motor. Its cubic capacity is over twice the size of the Cadillac's 500 in3 8.2 L V8, which was considered the largest engine of its type in the 1970s. These engines ran at very low rpm, often less than 1,500 rpm maximum, and had a specific output of about 10 hp/L. The US tractor industry both farm & industrial relied on large 4 cylinder power units until the early 1960s when 6 cylinder designs came into favor. IH built a large 5.7L (350 c.i.) 4 cylinder for their WD-9 series tractors.

Other notable engines using this configuration include:

Racing use

1913 saw a Peugeot driven by Jules Goux winning the Indianapolis 500. This car was powered by a straight-4 engine designed by Ernest Henry. This design was very influential for racing engines as it featured for the first time dual overhead camshafts (DOHC) and 4 valves per cylinder, a layout that would become the standard until today for racing straight-4 engines.

This Peugeot was sold to the American driver "Wild Bob" Burman who broke the engine in 1915. As Peugeot couldn't deliver a new engine during World War I, Burman asked Harry Arminius Miller to build a new engine. With John Edward and Fred Offenhauser, Miller created a Peugeot-inspired straight-4 engine. This was the first version of the engine that would dominate the Indianapolis 500 until 1976 under the brand Miller and later Offenhauser.

Another engine that played an important role in Racing history is the Straight-4 Ferrari engine designed by Aurelio Lampredi. This engine was originally designed as a 2 litre Formula 2 engine for the Ferrari 500 but evolved to 2.5 L to compete in Formula 1 in the Ferrari 625. For sports car racing capacity was increased up to 3.4 L for the Ferrari 860 Monza.

Yet another very successful engine was the Coventry Climax straight-4 originally designed by Walter Hassan as a 1.5 L Formula 2 engine. It evolved into the large 2,495 cc FPF that won the Formula One championship in Cooper's chassis.

Motorcycle use

The smallest production motorcycle straight-4 engine was the 4-stroke engine powered the 250 cc Benelli/Moto Guzzi 254. For racing, Honda built straight-4 engines as small as a 125 cc for the Honda 125/4. This engine was replaced by a 125 cc straight-5 engine. Perhaps the largest straight-4 in a commercially-produced Honda motorcycle is the 1298cc engine first developed for the Honda X-4 and later also used in the Honda CB1300.



Piston engine configurations
Straight Single, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14
V 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 24
Flat 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, H
W 8, 9, 12, 16, 18
Other inline H, VR, Opposed, U (Square), X
Other Hemi, Radial, Rotary, Pistonless, Deltic, (Wankel)
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